The Motivation Behind Renewable Energy Development Environmental Sciences Essay

The motivation Behind Renewable efficacy Development Environmental Sciences EssayThe penury on galvanic zip has been significantly increase due(p) to the scientific and economical developments over the sphere. In the Past 30 years, the global economic system has increased by 3.3% y untimely. In the same period, the electrical nada read grew by 3.6%. In 2007, the electrical get-up-and-go production of the world was 16,429TWh. It is predicted that the world consumption will be 28,930 TWh in 2030. Thus, thousands of new agency plants must be built to cope with the required electrical push button demand. 1Non-renewable energy root word such as coal, natural gas, and oil is efficient energy etymons due to the ability of produce tumescent amounts ofelectricity with small amounts. They give way been the ceremonious energy source until now. However, they brook m any drawbacks such as the limitation in supply and the concentration of reserves in a fewer countries in th is manner raising energy security concerns. Moreover, the major source of pollution is a fossil fuel. It estimated that the Power stations account for 32% of NOx and 72% of SO, emissions, which ca determination environmental issues such as modality change and lead to global warming 2 . In addition, according to 4, In 2005, the add together of greenhouse gases emissions EEA was 5177 Mt CO2 equivalent comprising 82.5% CO2,8.1% CH4, 8% N2O and 1.4% fluorinated gases. Energy related emissions continue to be dominant, representing approximately 80% of complete emissions, specially in production and transport of energy (Fig. 1.1). 4Figure 1.1 Structure of total greenhouse gas emissions blood of image 4Thus, governments be considering the ample use of renewable energy sources, as a result of the security of the energy supply and the growth of the global environmental issues. For instants, the UK government goals are to descend emissions of carbon dioxide to 20% below 1990 levels by2 010 and to put the UK on path to discredit carbon dioxide emissions by 60% compared to 2000 levels, by 2050 with real progress by 20203. Such goals cannot be achieved without a deployment of alternative energy sources. Thus, many studies on electrical energy production with renewable have carried out in order to substituted the conventional energy source by renewable energy source1.2 Renewable Energy sourcesThe practical definition of renewable energy is a flow of energy, that is not exhausted by being used5. The renewable energy sources like intrude, hydroelectric, biomass, solar , tidal waves and ge another(prenominal)mal and solar are clean and in striking quantities Available in nature. Moreover, they also have the advantage of having low or no emissions of carbons and that means they are environmentally friendly. In addition, renewable resources can be categorized into two chief(prenominal) categories dispatchable and non-dispatchable. Wind, solar and tidal waves are class ified as non-dispatchable resources. On the other hand, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal are classified dispatchable resources. The difference between them is how electric spot can be control. Generally, the dispatchable resources have the energy stored and ready at any time to produce fountain, whereas, the non dispatchable resources naturally uncontrolled foreplay energy which cannot stored be used when needed later. The main drawback of using renewable resources such as swipe and solar is their ability to produce power on demand. Moreover, these renewable resources are more variable than fossil fuel plants. Moreover, the uncontrollable input of turn on and solar energy is the main causes of the changeability in power output6. However, among these energies, ramble energy production has rapidly increased in the total electricity production in the last decade as shown in figure (1.2).Figure 1.2 global face-lift power capacity (GW)Source of image REN21 Renewable 2007 Glo bal Report, WWW.ren21.netThis increasing is encouraged by Kyoto communications protocol and supported by European Union (EU) Government such as Germany, Denmark and Spain7. According to 8, it is predict that the jot out-of-the-way(prenominal)ms will contribute by 12% of total electricity generated in 2020.1.3 Wind EnergyIt has been reported that the wind power were used to pump water for irrigating crops in the seventeenth coulomb B.C by The Babylonians. In addition a uncomplicated horizontal bloc wind turbine was described in the third century B.C by hoagy of Alexandria, Moreover, The earliest recorded English wind turbine is dated at 11919 . However, When the sunniness heats an earth land, the surrounding air temperature affected by this heating and as a result the wind is caused. According to freris, the world needed of electricity can be met, if 10% of raw wind utilized. Many part has an effect on wind intensity, such as altitude, wind hie and location. However, open f ield, mountain, oceans and specific hill have a good wind a viability trend. In addition, the wind energy can be reborn into electrical or mechanical energy is by using wind turbines, which will be discussed next.1.4 Wind TurbineThe more or less efficient way to deepen wind energy into electrical or mechanical energy is offered by wind turbines that operate as a lifting-device 10 .Generally, wind turbines come in two types, which depend on the teaching of their rotational axis.Horizontal axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) have a parallel rotational axis to the direction of the wind and capture kinetic wind energy with a propeller type rotor. in addition, three bladed concept Danish is unremarkably used in this type but there is two bladed design which contribute in the reduction of cost and weight of the turbine. tumid Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) have a perpendicular rotational axis to the wind stream and use straight or curved bladed (Darrieus type) rotors in order to capture wind fr om any direction.Figure (1.3) shows wind turbine configration of the some(prenominal) types. It is clear that they are composed of a generator, a gear case and a tower. Moreover, the both types have the same ideal efficiency, however, the (VAWT) type is more common 10.Figure 1.3 wind turbine configrationSource of image The encyclopaedia of alternative energy and sustainable livingWhen the wind passing throws the swept area of the blades, it turns and as a result, the shift turns. The rotational energy converted into electrical energy by the generator which produce alternative reliable (AC). A transformer is used to ensure that the voltage desirable for the distribution system of a grid. The size of wind turbine is the most important factor of the amount of the produced energy . The typical wind turbine size was less than 100 kW, In the early and mid-1980s. Nowadays, capacities up to 3.5 MW turbines are available11. Moreover, usually wind turbines is a grouped in the same locatio n to form wind grow.1.5 wind farmsTHE FIRST finishing of wind power generation of electricity was by the Danes in 1890 12. Since that , the development in the wind technology has led to introduce a large on shore wind farm. However, a lack of the suitable offshore sites has an effect on this development and is considered as the main motivation back tooth the implementation of off shore wind farm. Moreover, the offshore option is found on the loftyer and constant of the wind speeds which is the main advantage compared to the onshore sits . Figure (1.4) shows that by 2030, the main gain of wind energy is red ink to be from offshore in Germany13.Figure (1.4) the predicted scheme of the capacity of the wind power installed in Germany until 2030Source of image 13In these conditions one of the most important questions is the transmission concern, i.e. the inter-group communication of the offshore wind farms to a grid. Generally, wind farm can be connected to AC grid via a high vol tage alternative current (HVAC) or a high voltage direct current (HVDC) connection. However, for distance at least 50km far from the AC network16, many technical problem such as charging current and reduction in the transmitted power make the deployment of HVDC in power transmission for long distance more efficient than HVAC 14 Furthermore, HVDC connection have two main technologies, voltage soured converter (VSC) using IGBTs and tilt commutated converter (LCC) 15 in addition ,New types of generators (asynchronous generators, doubly fed induction generators and full converted synchronous generators) are going to be used and, therewith, knock back the classical turbo and salient pole generators13. These generators are have an effect on the power system stability. Moreover , their control is different from the former generator. However, the HVDC link and the generator types and its control will be discussed in details in the next chapter.1.6 the motivation and the plan of this proje ct It seems to be that a large offshore wind farm is the best solution for meeting governments renewable energy targets. However, the coordination of the HVDC link and the wind farm a has attracted a swarm of attention in the last few years. The aims of this project is to design a HVDC link and a wind farm by using MATLAB simulink bundle . Due to the complexity of poseuring the HVDC link and a wind farm by using complete models of the switching devices, a non switching model of HVDC link using a pharos solution will be considered. This will be done in five stages. In the start-off stage, the HVDC link with suitable control at wind farm verbalise will be constructed and demo . in the second stage, the HVDC link with suitable control at grid said will be constructed and demonstrated . the both HVDC link in pervious stages will be combination and their action will be demonstrated in the third stage. in the fourth stage, the complete HVDC link will be attached to a phasor model o f wind farm in order to demonstrate the consummation of the system under different circumstances . in the last stage, a CIGRE 12 bus bench mark model will be constructed in order to demonstrate the system operation under both normal and fault conditions.