Microcontroller Based Irrigation System Engineering Essay

AbstractionThe Microcontroller based irrigation system is an advanced regularity single-valued functiond to H2O the workss on a regular basis when we ar out of station.The system makes usage of a microcontroller IC AT89C51, OP-AMP LM324 and associated circuitry. Microcontroller is preprogrammed and do the indispensable stairss to ex convince ON and shoot the motor dep destroying upon whether the dirt is dry or non as indicated by the detectors. The OP-AMP is configured here as comparator.The Microcontroller is utilise to look across the whole system. It monitors the detectors and when more than than devil detectors sense the dry status so the microcontroller exit exchange on the motor and it result exchange pip the motor when all the detectors ar in moisture. The microcontroller does the above occupation it receives the signals from the detectors, and this signals operated under(a) the control of package which is stored in ROMMICROCONTROLLER89C51detector 1SENSOR 2SENSO R 3SENSOR 4 repel communicatePower SUPPLYBLOCK DIAGRAM5V 12VBLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION( I ) POWER SUPPLYNinety-nine regulators atomic number 18 various and comparatively cheap and ar uncommitted with characteristics such as live/voltage boosting, internal short circuit authorized modification, thermic blockage and natation operation for advanced electromotive strong baksheesh applications. The regulated circuit is used to storage bea changeless shoemakers live on proceeds degree. The incorporate circuit regulator, some whiles called the troika terminal regulators contains the circuitry for mention beginning mistake amplitude control thingmajig and overload protection all in a individual IC endorsement. They are connected surrounded by end product of a slaver and in correct to the burden.The 78xx series consist of three terminal +ve electromotive force regulators. With pit instigate droping they cave in the axe present end product stream in surplus of 1A. For proper operation, there should be a common region between the input and end product electromotive force.As per the Indian criterions, the give through the brinies is 230 Vs, 50 Hz Ac. For this undertaking, the reason demands are +5V and +12V District of capital of South Carolina electromotive force degreesBy sing the current demands of the assorted ICs and the loading cause of the different current drawing elements used in this undertaking, the entire current demand was nominate to be most 1 A.So we use a 12-0-12V, 1 A transformer to step down the brinies voltage to 12 V ( rms ) . The secondary of the transformer is fed to a rectifier circuit consisting of 1N4007 position rectifying tubes for change overing Ac to dc V. The pulsating end product therefore obtained has to be filtered to develop the steady District of Columbia electromotive force. A capacitance filter of 2200 microfarads, 25V and 0.1 microfarads are used. Using regulator IC 7805 the needed electromotive force degree is obtained. here we bear used 78xx series regulator which are three terminal, ordained buy offed electromotive force series regulators.MICRO CONTROLLERThe microcontroller used is AT89C51. It is a impoverished queen, high-performance, CMOS8- make out microcontroller with 4K Bytes of Flash programmable and effaceable read scarcememory.Port1 of 89C51 Acts of the Apostless as an input mien here.The end product of four comparators are fed to appearance1 ( Internet venturer to P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3 ) . When to or more inputs are high, Internet adventurer for the sleep together juntos 0011,0101,0110,0111,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101, 1110,1111 the microcontroller result turn ON the motor.It leave alone turn by the motor merely if all the inputs at Port1 is low Internet adventurer for the spot combination 0000.The microcontroller is pre-programmed to make this undertaking.DetectorThe detector parts are built utilizing OP-AMP IC LM324.The LM 324 series consists of four independent high addition, internally compensated usable amplifiers which are externali memorised specifically to run from a individual power affix over a broad scope of electromotive forces. OP-AMP IC is configured here as a comparator. As shown in the circuit diagram stiff Cu wires are inserted in dirt and one terminal of each of these wires are connected to the negative terminus of the op-amp. When dirt is wet, its conductivity volition be high and end product of the comparators will be low. When the dirt is dry, the conduction will be low and the comparator end product will be high. The end product of these comparators are fed to the microcontroller.RelayRelaies are widely used to command devices that draw big current. A put across is a switch whose terminuss called contacts are unfastened and closed by an electromagnet. We unremarkably use mechanical or self-coloured province relays. The control circuitry for two of these types of relays is electrically isolated fro m the existent switch. When the current is passed through the twisting of the electromagnet, the result force actuates a metallic relay that causes one or more contacts to open and shut. The lever called armature is attached to the spring, so that when the current in the twist is removed, the spring force retraces the armature.The twists in the relay is called spiral and it is said to be energized when current flows through it. The switch contacts that are controlled by relay are called usually unfastened or usually closed harmonizing to the status when they are energized. Thus a usually unfastened contact stopping points and a usually closed contact opens when energized. The chief advantage of the relay is that the contacts backside be designed to exchange a heavy current in and out of a circuit when merely a little current is supplied to or disconnected from the spiral.Here a 12V relay is used.The microcontroller bend ON and turn OFF the motor through this relay.MotorWe are util izing a 12V, DC motor to demo the work(a). For pumping the H2O an AC motor may be used.This motor can be drived utilizing the relay.CIRCUIT DIAGRAMWorkingThe undertaking presented here is an automatic irrigation system.It uses microcontroller AT89C51, op-amp LM324 and associated circuitry.The power supply required for the microcontroller,5V can be either taken dependable from a District of Columbia beginning and if merely Ac is available, so it can be rectified, filtered and the regulated 5V can be obtained with the assistance of power supply unit which is provided here.The op-amp LM324 is configured as a comparator. there are four built-in units in it and associated with each unit we will infix two Cu wires in the soil.One terminal of these wires are in the dirt and the otherwise terminal of one wire is connected to the supply say 5V and the second wire is connected to the comparator s inverting terminal.When the dirt is wet its conduction will be high and 5V will make the inve rting terminus through the wires inserted in dirt. Consequently the ouput of that peculiar comparator will be low.If the dirt is dry its conduction will be low and the comparator will give a high end product.As already mentioned there are four comparators and the end product of all these comparators are fed to Port1 ( Internet Explorer to P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3 ) of the microcontroller.Port1 of 89C51 Acts of the Apostless as an input port here.When to or more inputs are high, Internet Explorer for the spot combinations0011,0101,0110,0111,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101,1110,1111the microcontroller will turn ON the motor.It will turn OFF the motor merely if all the inputs at Port1 is low Internet Explorer for the spot combination 0000.The microcontroller is pre-programmed to make this undertaking. The microcontroller bend ON and turn OFF the motor through a 12V relay.SOFTWARE PARTFlow chartStartIf power supply onStopRead Port P1 as input portPort P1 = FFHA = P1IfA = 0000Motor OFFIfA = 0001M otor OFF atomic number 7 atomic number 39IfA = 0010Motor OFFnorthward atomic number 39YttriumAAAYttriumNitrogenABacillusNitrogenIfA = 0100Motor OFFYttriumIfA = 1000Motor OFFNitrogenYttriumAANitrogenBacillusMotor ONIfA = 0000YttriumNitrogenMotor OFFAPCB FABRICATIONPCB DESIGNPCB design of the circuit was implemented utilizing DIP TRACE. Initially the schematic of the circuit was drawn. The incumbent PCB footmarks were given, thereby stipulating the constituent size and spacing. After giving the footmarks a novel list was created.Rooting process was done utilizing the DIPTRACE PCB LAYOUT package. The net list was firm and constituents spacing done consequently. Using the Auto rooting option, rooting was done. The realizable connexions were made utilizing Auto rooting and the staying connexions were done manually utilizing jumpers.PCB FABRICATIONAfter the PCB design stage, PCB allegory was done. The way was drawn on a circuit board utilizing a C paper and the mirror image obtained was painted. The board was etched by dunking it in a extremely concentrated Ferric Chloride and after etching, the staying key was removed. The continuity of all waies was checked and so the constituents were placed and joined. After proviso the necessary jumpers similarly the circuit was tested.Bonding solder is the fall ining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conduction. It is used chiefly in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal mode temperatures and go unruffled at between 180 and 200AC. Solder bonds good to assorted metals, and highly good to Cu.Soldering is a necessary accomplishment you need to larn to successfully take in electronics circuits. It is the primary manner how electronics constituents are connected to circuit boards, wires and some propagation straight off to other constituents.To solder you need a bonding Fe. A ripe basic electrical bonding Fe consists of a war ming factor, a soldering spot ( frequently called the tip ) , a grip and a power cord. The warming component can be either a opposition wire lesion around a ceramic tubing, or a thick movie opposition component printed onto a ceramic base. The component is so insulated and placed into a metal tubing for strength and protection. This is so thermally insulated from the grip. The passioning component of soldering Fe usually reaches temperatures of about 370 to 400AC ( higher than needed to run the solder ) . The soldering spot is a specially molded piece of Cu plated with Fe and so normally plated with chrome or Fe. The tip planting makes it truly repellent to aggressive solders and immixes.The strength or power of a bonding Fe is normally expressed in Watts. Irons by and big used in electronics are typically in the scope 12 to 25 Watts. Higher powered Fe will non run hotter, but it will hold more power available to rapidly replace heat drained from the Fe during soldering. Most chainss are available in a assortment of electromotive forces, 12V, 24V, 115V, and 230V are the most popular. Today most research labs and fix stores use soldering chainss, which operate at 24V ( powered by closing off transformer supplied with the soldering Fe or by a separate low electromotive force mercantile establishment ) . You should ever implement this low electromotive force where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced bonding work ( exchangeable really bantam really sensitive electronics constituents ) , you will necessitate a soldering Fe with a temperature control. In this type of soldering chainss the temperature may be normally set between 200 degC and 450 degC. Many temperature-controlled soldering chainss designed for electronics have a power evaluation of around 40-50W. They will heat fast and give adequate power for operation, but are mechanically little ( because the temperature accountant stops them from overheating when they are non used ) .You will on o ccasion see gas-powered soldering chainss which use butane instead than the brinies electrical supply to run. They have a catalytic component which, one time warmed up, continues to glow hot when gas passes over them. Gas-powered soldering chainss are designed for occasional on the topographic point usage for quick fixs, instead than for mainstream clearing or assembly work.You need to be calculated in soldering because most electronic constituents are delicate, and heat sensitive. normally our biggest concern is heat. Low plenty soldering temperature and short plenty soldering clip keeps constituents in good form. Electronicss constituents are designed so that they can take high temperatures on their contacts/wires for some clip without harm ( to endure the bonding ) . Prolonged exposure to high temperature will heat up when interior of the constituent can do harm to it.Presently, the best normally available, feasible, and safe solder metal is 63/37. That is, 63 % select, 37 % Sn. It is besides known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable feature is that its solids ( pasty ) province, and its liquid province occur at the same temperature 361 grades F. The combination of 63 % clue and 37 % Sn thaws at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays there is inclination to travel to utilize lead free solders, but it will takes old ages until they will catch on normal soldering work. slip by free solders are nowadays available, but they are by and large more expensive and/or harder to work on than traditional solders that have lead in so,The metals involved are non the lone things to see in a solder. commix is critical to a good solder articulation. Flux is an aggressive chemical that removes oxides and drosss from the parts to be soldered. The chemical reactions at the point ( s ) of connexion must take topographic point for the metals to blend. RMA-type flux ( Rosin Mildly Active ) is the least corrosive of the readily available stuffs, and provides an equal oxide remotion.In electronics a 60/40 fluxed nucleus solder is used. This consists of 60 % Lead and 40 % Tin, with flux nucleuss added through the length of the solder.There are certain safety steps which you should control in headspring when soldering. The Sn stuff used in soldering contains unsafe substances like lead ( 40-60 % of typical bonding Sns are lead and lead is vicious ) . Besides the assorted from the soldering flux can be unsafe. temporary hookup it is true that lead does non zap at the temperatures at which soldering is typically done, particulate affair is merely every bit unsafe as exhausts would be in footings of toxic condition and there is particulate lead nowadays to some extent in the exhausts from your flux.When soldering maintain the room good ventilated and utilize a little fan or fume trap. A proper smoke trap or a fan will maintain the most pollution off from your face. superior electronics workshops use expensive fume extraction systems to prot ect their workers ( needed for working safety grounds ) . Those fume extraction devices have a feature filter, which filters out the unsafe exhausts. If you can link a canal to the end product from the trap to the exterior, that would be great.Always wash custodies prior to smoke, feeding, take up or traveling to the bathroom. When you handle soldering Sn, your custodies will pick up lead, which needs to be washed out from it before it gets to your organic structure. Do non eat, imbibe or smoke whilst working with soldering Fe. Do non put cups, spectacless or a home base of nutrient near your working country.Wash besides the tabular array sometimes. As you solder, at times there will be a spot of ptyalizing and sputtering. If you look you ll see bantam balls of solder that shoot out and can be found on your soldering tabular array.The bonding Fe will last longer with proper attention. Before and during usage wipe the spot on a moist schnorr. Most bench bases incorporate a sponge for this intent. When utilizing a new spot, use solder to it as it heats up. Always maintain a hot Fe in a bench base, or suspended by the hook, when non in usage. Bend of the Fe when you do non utilize it. Sporadically take the spot and clear off any oxide build up. Regularly check the brinies lead for Burnss or other harm ( revolution mains lead if necessary ) .PCB LAYOUTCost AppraisalSL NO.ComponentsSpecificationRate bankers billCost1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.ResistorsDiodesCapacitorsCrystalOp-ampMicrocontrollerIC BaseTransistorTransformerRelayDC MotorRegulator ICPCB fiction & A Soldering directCasing10 K100 K220 I2.2k1N40072200 AF0.1AF47AF10AF8 MHzLM 324AT89C5114 pin40 pinBC 10712-0-1212 V12V motorIntelligence community 780510 PS10 PS10 PS10 PS20 PS50 PS50 PS50 PS50 PSRs 5.00Rs 18.00Rs 58.00Rs.2.00Rs.10.00Rs 1.00Rs.70.00Rs.8.00Rs.70.00Rs.5.00Rs.250.00Re.1.00Rs.20.00945431111111111111114190ps40ps50ps40ps60ps50ps50ps50ps50psRs 5.00Rs.18.00Rs.58.00Rs.2.00Rs.10.00Rs.1.00R s.70.00Rs.8.00Rs.70.00Rs.5.00Rs.250.00Rs.4.00Rs.20.00TOTAL = Rs..526.00DecisionHere we introduce a simple and cheap irrigation system. The computer hardware subdivision consists of an op A and a microcontroller circuitry. The unit can be painless implemented in our houses for little graduated table every bit good as in farms for big scale irrigation.BibliographyMentionsThe 8051 Microcontroller and embedded systems Muhammad Ali MazidiOp As and Linear Integrated circuits Ramakand GaykwadWeb siteswww.atmel.comwww.8051projects.info/proj.asp? ID=40Plan INCLUDE & lt SFR55A.INC & gt MOTOR BIT P2_0MOTOR_LED BIT P2_1 ironic BIT P2_2 nonsensical BIT P2_3CSEG AT 0ORG 00HStartMOV P1, FFHMOV A, P1CJNE A, 00H, NEXT_VALUEACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUECJNE A, 01H, NEXT_VALUE1ACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUE 1CJNE A, 02H, NEXT_VALUE2ACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUE 2CJNE A, 03H, NEXT_VALUE3ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 3CJNE A, 04H, NEXT_VALUE4ACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUE 4CJNE A, 05H, NEXT_VALUE5ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT _VALUE 5CJNE A, 06H, NEXT_VALUE6ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 6CJNE A, 07H, NEXT_VALUE7ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 7CJNE A, 08H, NEXT_VALUE8ACALL MOTOR_OFFNEXT_VALUE 8CJNE A, 09H, NEXT_VALUE9ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 9CJNE A, 0BH, NEXT_VALUE11ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 11CJNE A, 0CH, NEXT_VALUE12ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 12CJNE A, 0DH, NEXT_VALUE13ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 13CJNE A, 0EH, NEXT_VALUE14ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 14CJNE A, 0FH, NEXT_VALUE10ACALL MOTOR_ONNEXT_VALUE 15AJUMP bug outMOTOR_ONSETB MOTORSETB WETCLR MOTOR_LEDCLR DRYRETMOTOR_OFFCLR MOTORSETB DRYCLR WETSETB MOTOR _LEDEnd