powmac The Power of Religion and Fate in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essa

The Power of Religion and Fate in Macbeth Macbeth presents a unearthly view of mans existence and destiny. Shakespeare, however, did not write a phantasmal or theological tract. He explored the meaning of kind-hearted life in those harm which art uses in order to project our deepest thoughts and feelings in broad, popular religious symbols and myths, whose meaning is as profound as it is easily recognized. The unparalleled religious crisis, through which Europe was passing at the time of Shakespeare writing Macbeth, the graduation decade of the seventeenth century, shook the traditional religious heritage to its foundations. laid between an Everyman and a Pilgrims Progress Macbeth did not have the simple uncloudedness of either the former was written before the phase of violent decay and the latter when more settled ideas had begun to consolidate themselves. We do not analyse the fluency of construction in Macbeth as we see in Everyman or Pilgrims Progress. Bu t the religious, Christian view is intensely there to determine the personality of imagery and the significance of characters. The human problem that is the basic idea of Macbeth is the sex act between evil in human nature called sin and the unremitting scheme of things presided over by a Deity whose justice, wisdom and benefaction could be doubted temporarily but never rejected. More abstractly, the problem was that of human responsibility and free will, human freedom, in a world govern by divine necessity. Macbeth begins with a set of supernatural figures. Witches have been ceaselessly associated with darkness, night and crime. capital of Minnesota, in Samuel (1), visits the Witch of Endor in order to know his destiny. Saul himself had taken seve... ...moil in Act I shows the process of perversion of priming coat and corruption of will. He knows the good but will not and cannot do it and there is no intercessory power for him to turn to for aid His incapacity to implore in the soliloquy in Act I, the intervention by his married woman (instead of by a good angel) just when he decides not to prevent further, the promptness with which the fantasy of the deed forms itself in his mind after he hears the prophecy-all these testify that Macbeth is a reprobate predestined to damnation. Works Cited Macbeth. New York Arden adaptation (New Series) Bindoff,S.T. Sr Tudor England, Pelican Books.1959 Dyer, T. Folklore of Shakespeare. Griffith & FarrenLondon,1883 (First Edition) Elliott,G.R. Dramatic Providence in Shakespeare. Princeton University Press, 1958 (out-of-print Title)

Mertons Strain Theory Essay -- Sociology, Adaptation, Inequalities

In Mertons (1938) pass theory tender structures account for the criminal tendencies found in offenders. Individuals coordinate to societal pressures in five distinct ways. Adaptation I, which entails alineing to twain cultivation norms and means, is the well-nigh common. The popularity of this adaptation allows a society to function effectively. In origin, adaptation IV is the least common and bases rise to the rejection of both ethnic goals and means. Those that adopt this culture pattern be societal misfits and usually allow some such(prenominal) persons as psychotics, psychoneurotics, chronic autists, vagrants, and chronic drunkards or medicine addicts.Sykes and Matzas (1957) get word theory postulates that acts of delinquency ar generally non approved of nonetheless by the guiltys who commit such crimes. First, they dont believe their crimes ar right. Instead, they often show remorse or guilt when set about with the consequences of their crimes. Moreov er, this show of shame shouldnt be all told attrisolelyed to deception to quiet authorities. Second, remisss do have respect for law-abiding citizens (Sykes and Matza, 1957). very much if a delinquents offenses are shared with law-abiding commonwealth that they look up to or sports heroes perhaps they will show latterly remorse. Therefore, delinquents do non hold a set of values that are in contrast with cultural norms. Sykes and Matza (1957) describe two more points, but in send of the two given here in that respect is demonstrate that delinquency is non the creation of a sub-culture, because a society of those who conform cannot be overlooked. Instead, delinquent acts are internally justified despite their aversion to the legal trunk and the rest of society (Sykes and Matza, 1957). There ... ...elihood. In sum, Rosenfeld and Messner (1995), Bonger (1969), and Currie (1997) give examples of how materialism is destroying the lives of US citizens. Material ism is not a facet of devoid or right thought (Galston, 1991 Kirk, 1987). Moreover, in both Galston (1991) and Kirks (1987) articles there was no assault on capitalism and the market economy. However, the liberal sentiment of the neediness for companionable programs was propounded by Currie (1997), which is counter to right ideals. Currie (1997) also showed the need to debunk the conservative myth that there must always be inequalities in society. at any rate these points these criminologists are really attacking capitalism and are not on a liberal or conservative platform. Furthermore, Chesney-Lind (1989) doesnt delve into the government activitys political structure based on liberal or conservative views. Mertons Strain Theory Essay -- Sociology, Adaptation, InequalitiesIn Mertons (1938) strain theory social structures account for the criminal tendencies found in offenders. Individuals adjust to societal pressures in five distinct ways. Adaptation I , which entails conforming to both culture norms and means, is the most common. The popularity of this adaptation allows a society to function effectively. In contrast, adaptation IV is the least common and gives rise to the rejection of both cultural goals and means. Those that adopt this culture pattern are societal misfits and usually include some such persons as psychotics, psychoneurotics, chronic autists, vagrants, and chronic drunkards or drug addicts.Sykes and Matzas (1957) control theory postulates that acts of delinquency are generally not approved of even by the delinquents who commit such crimes. First, they dont believe their crimes are right. Instead, they often show remorse or guilt when faced with the consequences of their crimes. Moreover, this show of shame shouldnt be completely attributed to deception to pacify authorities. Second, delinquents do have respect for law-abiding citizens (Sykes and Matza, 1957). Often if a delinquents offenses are shared with law-abiding people that they look up to or sports heroes perhaps they will show deep remorse. Therefore, delinquents do not hold a set of values that are in contrast with cultural norms. Sykes and Matza (1957) describe two more points, but in light of the two given here there is evidence that delinquency is not the creation of a sub-culture, because a society of those who conform cannot be overlooked. Instead, delinquent acts are internally justified despite their repugnance to the legal system and the rest of society (Sykes and Matza, 1957). There ... ...elihood. In sum, Rosenfeld and Messner (1995), Bonger (1969), and Currie (1997) give examples of how materialism is destroying the lives of US citizens. Materialism is not a facet of liberal or conservative thought (Galston, 1991 Kirk, 1987). Moreover, in both Galston (1991) and Kirks (1987) articles there was no attack on capitalism and the market economy. However, the liberal idea of the need for social programs w as propounded by Currie (1997), which is counter to conservative ideals. Currie (1997) also showed the need to debunk the conservative myth that there must always be inequalities in society. Besides these points these criminologists are really attacking capitalism and are not on a liberal or conservative platform. Furthermore, Chesney-Lind (1989) doesnt delve into the governments political structure based on liberal or conservative views.

Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci

I visited the Louvre in Paris, France and the one thing that I knew for sure that I wanted to imagine was the Leonardo Da Vinci master lay out. I took the metro that led me into a middle where I walked down a very long hall of shops on each side. Finally, we reached the large inverted pyramid on the middle of a large room. If facing the pyramid with the long hall of the inwardness to your back, you spate breast forward and to the left and you will watch out an entrance to Comedie-Francaise.It doesnt look like much from just the doorway from inside the mall of the Louvre but it is an underground studio theatre where you contribute adopt French comedy shows or plays. Leonardo De Vinci utilise rock oils to paint the Mona Lisa creating a life like moving-picture show. The size of this film was not a cosmic as I expected to be but the painting itself is amazing. I did not feel there were any distinct lines, but there were plenty of shading that allowed every part to flow rig ht into the next. Like, how the vesture flows softly into a hand, or how her forehead perfectly blends into her hair.I think of this painting like it was photograph, it is brilliant how her chin stops and her neck begins with subtle lines, goose egg everywhere exaggerated. De Vinci used colors that seemed to draw attention to her face as the central organise. There is a perfect contrast of colors between her pale, soft looking skin against her dark dress catches the eye. This contrast is so app atomic number 18nt that you nooky even see the color of her hands are just a little darker than the color of her face, which assists in drawing the mantraps attention to her face.Her facial expression is the what makes her face the obvious focal point of this painting. It pulls out a lot of questions from the mind. Is she glad? If so, what or who was she was smiling at? Is it a smile to go along with a coltish glance as if she was expressing all of her thoughts to the one she was loo king at? Or is she even looking at anyone or anything? Just the smile held so numerous different meanings. It seems to me that it is a smile of happiness or flirtation. perchance she is just at peace about something.But then again, after perusing it for some time, her smile could mean something wholly different. It could be a stark smile and once you think it may be one of seriousness, it can change your mind of what her eyes are saying. My view of her facial expressions can be completely different to anyone else, but I think that is the point of any type of painting. One thing that took me a while to label was that she had no eyebrows or even eyelashes. I thought it was multicolored that way, and so did everyone else in the room.After a long while of gazing at this painting I overheard a tour guide telling he group that she did in fact have them at one time and they had gradually disappeared over time, possibly as a result of cleaning over many years. I tried to visualize w hat she would look like with them, or if it would completely change my view of her expressions but I think that with the eyebrows and eyelashes missing supplement a slight semi-abstract quality to her face. One other thing that I knew but never took the time to realize was that Leonardo da Vinci used a wood panel for his painting.What a magnificent piece of art, to look so realistic and yet on a piece of wood. This only goes to show how great of an artist Leonardo da Vinci really was. An oil painted masterpiece on a wood panel painted in 16th century still in one piece and preserved well enough for it to be available for all to see and study is amazing to me. The observers job is to interpret the painting and try to visualize what it was that the artist is expressing as they created their art work. Knowing now, what I have learned in this class gives me opportunity to truly find out what it meant to be able to view such a masterpiece.

Albert Camus Essay

How Aschenbach and Meursault in Death in Venice and The crazy respectively, atomic number 18 driven by mind initially then mixture to cosmos driven by the heart as the result of a key event In both The Stranger and Death in Venice, the characters variety as the book progresses. There is mainly one go through that sparks this drastic change. In The Stranger, this action is the murder of Raymonds mistress brother, and in Death in Venice this critical moment occurs when Aschenbach has the sudden urge to travel.Aschenbach and Meursault are both characters that pretend from one extreme to the other. They begin as characters who deposit decisions based solely on what their mind tells them. As the novel develops, these characters move to the other extreme, which is making decisions based solely on what their heart tells them. This passageway from extreme logical thinking to extreme emotional thinking is what leads to the ruin of both Aschenbach and Meursault. As the novel begins, Thomas Mann introduces Aschenbach as a somewhat likable German writer.Initially the reader sees Aschenbach as a sane character anyone can relate to. He lives a very constant spirit, and has neer traveled before. Aschenbach is a character who is extremely involved in his work and one who organizes his entire life based on how he can best achieve quality in his work. At this elevation in the novel Aschenbach makes all his decisions using his mind rather than his heart. plot of land taking a stroll, Aschenbach sees a man with red pilus as well as long odontiasis.It is this man that pushes his mind in to traveling. Aschenbach begins to change as soon as he sets his mind to travel. In his reverie regarding his adventure he envisions a landscape, a tropical swampy section under a vapor-laden sky, damp, luxuriant and uncanny it was like the portrait of a primitive world of islands morasses and slit-laden rivers (pg 3, Mann). The symbol of Aschenbachs departure on this excursio n is the sign of the beginning of his decline.It is from this point on that Aschenbach transforms from being a principle man who makes logical decisions with is brain, to one that makes decisions with his heart. As Aschenbachs journey progresses, he notices many men with red h short letter and long white teeth like the one that inspired him to travel. This shows the constant rapid declining of Aschenbach. His first sleuth of Tadzio in the hotel marks the beginning of the extreme heart-driven Aschenbach. His description of Tadzio understandably portrays his obsession. With astonishment Aschenbach observed that the boy was perfectly beautiful.His face, pale and charmingly secretive with the honey-colored hair curling around it, with its straight-sloping nose, its lovely mouth and its expression of sweet and augur earnestness recalled Greek statues of the noblest period, and, along with its extremely pure perfection of form, it was of such unique personal charm that the onlooker t hought he had never come across anything so felicitous either in constitution or in art (pg 20, Mann). Once Aschenbach begins to follow Tadzios any step, the reader notices that Aschenbach is becoming more and more indulged in Tadzios life rather than his own.His head and his heart were drunk, and his steps followed the dictates of that dark god whose sport it is to trample mans reason and dignity underfoot. as yet when Aschenbach learns of an epidemic, he realizes that if he dies along with Tadzio, they will be able to undertake in heaven. Aschenbach loses total control of his mind and gives in to Venice, a city, half(prenominal) fairy tale and half tourist trap, in whose insalubrious air the arts once rankly and voluptuously blossomed, where composers have been inspired to lulling tones of somniferous eroticism. steady when given the opportunity to leave Venice and escape cholera, his love for Tadzio weighs him down. Aschenbach then has fantasies nigh everyone else dying, and him being left alone with Tadzio. Now it can be clearly seen that Aschenbachs passion is coming directly from the heart, and no thinking is being done on his part. This extreme obsession from Aschenbachs heart forthwith leads to his downfall. He dies in his chair, and it is hours before anyone notices. Albert Camus introduces Meursault as a character mess are quite taken aback by.

Eia Malaysia

environmental IMPACT estimate (EIA) Procedure and Requirements in Malaysia CONTENTS Page I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT What is environsal reach sound judgement (EIA) Why do we need EIA? Which setivities atomic number 18 subject to EIA How to ex decennaryd EIA II. THE EIA social occasion IN MALAYSIA coordinated Project Planning Concept How is EIA distinguish Processed and Approved ? Organisational body structure exploratory EIA scores exact EIA Reports miscell some(prenominal) of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) Consultation III. ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO EIA 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 5 9 9 9LIST OF FIGURES 1 2 3a 3b Outline of environmental have-to doe with sound judgement Procedure in Malaysia Integrated Project Planning Concept Organisational construct of EIA Report Processing and sycophancy Procedure at State Offices Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and commendation Procedure at the surgical incision of surround ings taperquarters Organisational Structure of enlarge EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure LIST OF TABLES 1 2a 2b 2c descriptorification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) succinct of Activities argonna to environmental Impact Assessment (Activities De fined by Quantum) Summary of Activities efficiency to environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Project Size) Summary of Activities Subject to environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Not Defined by Unit of Measure) 3 4 4 5 3c 6 7 11 12 13 ii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 environmental smell Act, 1974 1985) Section 34a 2 environsal Quality Act, 1974. environsal Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 Offices of the division of Environment Page (Amendment, 14 16 21 3 iii I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT What is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? EIA is a study to identify, predict, evaluate and fetch information ab away the jars on the environment of a proposed hear and to head turn up the mitigating measurings prior to send plaudit and implementation.Why do we need EIA? EIA is essenti eachy a grooming tool for preventing environmental problems due to an action. It seeks to avoid dearly-won mistakes in device implementation, either beca practise of the environmental damages that are seeming to arise during work out implementation, or beca role of modifications that whitethorn be call for later(prenominal)ward in order to make the action environmentally acceptable. In Malaysia, EIA is undeniable under section 34A, Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (APPENDIX 1). EIA when integrated into the existing depicting and termination-making machinery, provides additional information towards better decision-making. Which activities are subject to EIA?Activities subject to EIA are prescribed under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 198 7 (APPENDIX 2). A facsimile of this Order may be obtained from the politics Printers or from any mooring of the subdivision of Environment (APPENDIX 3). How to conduct EIA? To assist you in the preparation of environmental impact judicial decision promulgates, you may refer to A Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and EIA glide bylines for specific activities published by the Department of Environment. II. THE EIA PROCEDURE IN MALAYSIA The EIA procedure adopted in Malaysia consists of three major move.The steps in the EIA procedure, which are shown in build 1, can be expo puzzle as follows advance assessment relates to the initial assessment of the impacts due to those activities that are prescribed. overture assessment is the face of the EIA procedure that should shapely be initiated at the pre-feasibility study pose of the ontogeny of an legal action. Project options are identified at this stage and any significant residual environmental impac ts are do known. The preliminary track that is prepared is freshened by a technical perpetration in the vigour internally. However, where expertise within the Department is lacking, assistance from oppo put brass and non-government agencies may be sought. luxuriant assessment is undertaken for those projects for which significant residual environmental impacts chip in been predicted in the preliminary assessment. The assessment should ideally continue during project feasibility, and the detail EIA Report be submitted for favorable reception by the theater director global of Environmental Quality prior to the giving of plaudit by the germane(predicate) Federal or State Government authority for the implementation of the project. Detailed assessment is carried out based on specific terms of extension service issued by an ad hoc round off Panel appointed by the Director habitual. The EIA Report that is prepared is reviewed by the ad hoc Review Panel chaired by the Direc tor prevalent.Review of EIA Reports is carried out internally by the DOE for preliminary assessment extends and by an ad hoc Review Panel for detailed assessment distinguishs. Recommendations arising out of the review are transmitted to the germane(predicate) project favorable reception government for consideration in making a decision on the project. The normal period allocated for a review of a preliminary assessment report is one month while that for a detailed assessment report is two months. The DOE maintains a list of experts who may be called upon to sit as 1 members of any Review Panel established. The selection of the experts depends on the bowls of environmental impacts to be reviewed.Other main features of the EIA procedure as shown in form 1 entangle the following The Approving post is the Government Authority that has the task of deciding, whether or non a project should proceed. The government practise include the following 1. The National Development Plan ning delegacy (NDPC) for Federal Government sponsored projects 2. The State Executive Council (EXCO) for State Government sponsored projects 3. The various Local authorities or Regional Development political science (RDA) with respect to readiness approval within their respective firmament and 4. The Ministry of Trade and Industry or MIDA for industrial projects. Recommendations arising from the review of the EIA Reports are forwarded to the germane(predicate) project authorise authorities.At the completion of the review period for a detailed EIA, a Detailed Assessment Review Document is issued by the Review Panel. This document may include 1. Comments on the Detailed Assessment report 2. Recommendations to the project proponent and the project approving authority including any specific conditions attached to the project approval and 3. Recommendations for environmental observe and auditing. Integrated Project Planning Concept The EIA Procedure in Malaysia is designed to foll ow the Integrated Project Planning Concept as shown in Figure 2. The features of the concept include the following 1. At the onset, during the project acknowledgment stage, the need to conduct an EIA study is in like manner determined. 2.If the project requires Preliminary Assessment, it is done in parallel with the Pre-feasibility Study for the project. 3. Similarly, if Detailed Assessment is required, it is conducted as part of the Feasibility Study for the project. 4. The Preliminary Assessment and Detailed Assessment reports are reviewed simultaneously with the Pre-feasibility and Feasibility reports respectively, beforehand a final decision on the project is made. During project bodily structure and project functioning environmental monitoring is carried out. 2 3 The concept is recommended to be followed to minimise project delay and improve project planning. How are EIA Reports Processed and Approved?Organisational Structure As of 1st January 1994, all Preliminary EIA Rep orts are elegant and sanctioned by the Department of Environment State Offices except for Kedah and Perlis. EIA Reports for Kedah and Perlis and those for projects within the max Economic Zone (EEZ) and projects involving more than one state are processed by officers at the Department of Environment Headquarters. All Detailed EIA Reports are processed and loved at Headquarters. Preliminary EIA Reports Figure 3a illustrates the organisational structure of the Preliminary EIA Report impact and approval procedure at the Department of Environment State Offices. The organisational structure is headed by the State Director.He is responsible for approving or rejecting an EIA Report. One-Stop Agency meetings with separate pertinent agencies or departments are held when necessary. Comments and verifications from relevant agencies or departments are sought for certain cases. The State Director is assisted by Environmental Control Officers and Assistant Environmental Control Officers. F igure 3a. Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at State Offices Figure 3b shows the organisational structure of the EIA Report processing and approval procedure at the Department of Environment Headquarters. The organisational set-up is headed by the Director of Prevention Division.He is assisted by the Head of Evaluation Section and Senior Environmental Control Officers chairing the EIA Technical Committee meeting. The EIA Technical Committee is an in-house committee set 4 up to establish the Preliminary EIA Reports. One-Stop Agency meetings with relevant departments or agencies are held when necessary. Comments and verifications from the departments or agencies are acquired when necessary. The Committee formulates recommendations to the Director of Prevention Division on the acceptability of the Preliminary EIA Report. Detailed EIA Reports Figure 3c illustrates the organisational structure of the Detailed EIA Report processing and approval proc edure.The Organisational set-up is headed by the Director General of Environment Quality who is responsible for approving or rejecting the EIA report. He is assisted by the Director of Prevention Division, who likewise functions as Secretary to the Detailed EIA ad hoc Review Panel. The Chairman of this display panel is the Director General of Environmental Quality. The Detailed EIA Review Panels main task is to critically review Detailed EIA Reports and formulate recommendations to the relevant project approving authority. The Detailed EIA Review Panel is established on an ad hoc basis specifically for a particular project. The panel comprises free-lance members of relevant disciplines, from antithetical organisations much(prenominal) as Universities and Non-Governmental organisations.Detailed EIA Reports are also displayed at all Department of Environment Offices, as well as common and university libraries for public comments. The public are widely notified through the mass m edia when and where the Detailed EIA Reports are available for review and comment. The Evaluation (EIA) section which is headed by a Principal Assistant Director comprises EIA Report Processing Desk Officers assisted by Assistant Environmental Control Officers. The desk officers are trained in different disciplines including Environmental Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Studies, Physics, Economics, Sociology and Ecology. 5 6TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF EIA accountS BY TIMING OF launching (PROJECT PLANNING one shot) PROJECT PLANNING CYCLE Project Identification Sourcing for technology or Licence Pre-feasibility/ Siting Decision Feasibility/Project Design REPORT CLASSIFICATION 0 1 EIA ISSUE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING CYCLE Exploring environmentally sound projects Assessment for environmentally sound technology stem turn line study and deference of preliminary assessment report d revolutionaryn-out cost benefit analysis and submission of complete or detailed EIA report EIA report to be approved by the Director General of DOE, prior to licence to be granted by relevant government agencies, or lease to be given, republic conversion or channelize of ownership approval by State Government Budget approval Contract 4 be sufficient environmental specifications and safeguard unified in contract documents and agreements? Is the design complying with all the specifications? PROJECT APPROVAL Is the project environmentally sound? Is the technology most advanced and clean? Is the proposed site environmentally least sensitive? Own approval or catalogue of Understanding Business transactions, technology transfer and licence agreement DOE clearance 2 3 Does the project design incorporate all the required pollution confine and other environment mitigating measures?Written authority Detailed Design 5 Submission of plans o n pollution concur and other environmental mitigating measures Tendering 6 Is sufficient budget provided for environmental control and other environmental mitigating measures in the tender come and award? Are project phylogenesis and construction closely supervised? Does the project meeting all set standards and conditions? Is the project fully complying with the imposed standards all the era? Are there significant residual environmental impacts? Development and wrench Commissioning 7 Environmental monitoring Approval by attain, resources, safety, health, environment and local authorities Certification by safety, health, environment, and local authorities 8Continuation of monitoring and project auditting Source and environmental monitoring Operation and Maintenance desertion/End of Project Line 9 x Continued environmental monitoring Approval by the relevant Federal, State and Environment Authorities 7 Key Classification 1 High Distinction 2 Distinction 3 High Credit 4 5 6 Credit Simple Credit base Credit 7 Low Pass 8 Just Pass 9 Fail 8 Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) In order to integrate the environmental dimension in the project planning or designing process, the timing of submission of an EIA Report to the Department of Environment for approval is vital.The proper timing of submission of an EIA Report is essential so as not to cause any major disruption to the b oilersuit project planning cycle. The project initiator is encouraged to submit the EIA Report as early as at the project identification stage to enable recommendations on environmental changes or modifications to the project plan to be incorporated. On the other hand, submission of an EIA Report towards the end of the project planning cycle will reduce the value of an EIA, and possibly ontogeny environmental costs or delay implementation of the project. In order to guide project proponents, a classification system for EIA re ports has been made in uniformity with time of submission as tabulated in Table 1.The timing of submission of an EIA Report corresponding to the stage of project planning cycle has been shared out into nine classifications. The nine classifications are rank from high distinction to ill. In addition, the corresponding environmental issues, and wants for project approval have also been identified for the various stages of project planning. For example, the submission of an EIA Report at the stage of project identification or sourcing for technology is classified as Class 1 and given high distinction, whilst reports submitted towards the end of project construction or commissioning falls under Class 8 and is ranked low pass.An EIA Report submitted at the commencement of the project identification stage will give an opportunity to project planners to exhaust environmental issues and to find solutions to them prior to project implementation. In instances where undesirable significan t inauspicious environmental impacts are identified, alternatives which are environmentally acceptable should be found. This example should be repeated until an acceptable solutions is found. Consultation Although there is no requirement for notification and a project proponent is under no ball obligation to consult the Department of Environment about his proposal before submission of his EIA Report, there are practical reasons for doing so.The Department of Environment and other relevant departments will often possess useful information in particular, data on environmental quality, local problems, as well as aspects of the project most likely to be of concern and requiring emphasis in the EIA Report. It would be beneficial for all concerned if project approval authorities can advise potential project proponents as soon as a project is conceived to check with the Department of Environment to ascertain if EIA is required. By doing this, the issues of timing and delay can be avoide d. III. ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO EIA The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activites) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 which is made under spots conferred by section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (Amendment) 1985 specifies those activities that are subject to EIA.Nineteen categories of activities are prescribed and these include those link up to agriculture, airport, drainage and irrigation, come reclamation, fisheries, setry, housing, fabrication, infrastructure, ports, mining, petroleum, power generation, quarries, railways, transportation, resort and inexpert teaching, waste intervention and disposal, and water supply. Many of the activities related to these nineteen categories are defined in terms of project size (as playing field), capacitor (quantum) while others are not defined by any unit of measure. Hence, to assist project initiators or project approving authorities to make quick decisions on whether a proposed activity is subject to the Act or otherwise, three simple checklists have been prepared as follows a) Activities defined by quantum (Table 2a) 9 b) Activities defined by project size (Table 2b) and c) Activities not defined by unit of measure (Table 2c). 10Table 2a Malaysia Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Quantum) Quantum 60000 5000 4500 cc 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 30 10 Unit Barrel Tonne Cubicmetres Tonnes/ twenty-four time of solar day period Family Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ hour Megawatts activeness eddy of growth depot for retention of petrol, gas or diesel Shipyards Groundwater schooling for industrial, pastoral or urban water supply crusade and steel industries using conflict iron Agricultural programmes necessitating move Chemical production industries Lime production industries using rotary kiln Iron and steel industries using iron ore Non ferrous industries other than aluminium and atomic number 29 Lime production industries using vertical kiln Pulp and paper fabrication cement industries device of steam generated power stations using fossil fuels 8 (c) 8 (d) 8 (g) 8 (d) 1 (b) 8 (a) 8 (d) 8 (e) Number 12 (e) 8 (f) 19 (b) 8 (e) 13 (a) 11 Table 2b Malaysia Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Project Size) Project Size Unit action mechanism Number 5000 Hectare 500 Hectare 500 Hectare 500 Hectare 400 Hectare 250 Hectare 200 Hectare 200 100 100 80 50 50 Hectare Family Hectare Room Hectare Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 50 50 40 Hectare Hectare Kilometre Hectare 2. 5 KilometreIrrigation schemes Land organic evolution schemes to bring forest land into agricultural production Development of agricultural estates involving changes in types of agricultural use Logging twirl of dams and hydroelectric power scheme reservoirs Mining of mineral in new nations formula of dams and man-made la kes and artificial enlargement of lakes eddy of dams or impounding reservoirs Agricultural programmes necessitating resettlement Drainage of wetland, wild-life habitat or arrant(a) forest formulation of coastal resort facilities or hotel coastal reclamation Land-based aquaculture projects accompanied by clearing of mangrove swamp forest Conversion of pile forest land to other land use Conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing, or agricultural use Housing development Industrial estate development for medium and doughy industries Sand dredging cumulation station resort or hotel development expression of off-shore and on-shore pipeline Construction of dams and hydroelectric power schemes with dams over 15 metres high Construction of airports 3 (c) 1 (a) 1 (c) 6 (c) 13 (b) ii 11 (a) 3 (a) 19 (a) 1 (b) 3 (b) 17 (a) 4 5 (c) 6 (a) 6 (d) 7 9 (b) 11 (c) 17 (b) 12 (b) 13 (b)i 2 (a) 12 Table 2c Malaysia Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activi ties Not Defined by Unit of Measure) Prescribed Activity AIRPORT FISHERIES Activity Airstrip development in state and issue put Construction of fishing harbours Harbour expansion involving an increase of 0 per cent or more in fish come capacity per annum Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchment cranial orbit of reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydropower generation or in areas abutting to state and issue park and discipline maritime parks Clearing of mangrove swamps on islands adjacent to topic marine parks Petrochemicals industries all sizes original smelting of aluminium and sloven all sizes Construction of hospitals with outfall into beachfronts used for amateur purposes Construction of expressways Construction of matter highways Construction of new townships Construction of ports Port expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum Ore processing including concentratin g for aluminium, copper, gold or tantalum Oil and gas fields development Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling and entrepot facilities Construction of oil refineries Construction of combine cycle power stations Construction of nuclear-fueled power stations Number 2 (b) 5 (a) 5 (b) FORESTRY 6 (b) 6 (e) 8 (b) 8 (c) 9 (a) 9 (c) 9 (d) 9 (e) 10 (a) 10 (b) INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE PORTS dig 11 (b) 12 (a) 12 ( c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 13 (d) PETROLEUM POWER GENERATION AND infection 13Table 2c (Continuation) Prescribed Activity QUARRIES Activity Proposed quarrying of aggregate fluxing limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, moneymaking(prenominal) or industrial areas, or any area for which a licence, put up or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development Construction of new routes Construction of branch lines Construction of Mass fast tape transpo rt projects Number 14 15 (a) 15 (b) 16 RAILWAYS point RESORT AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Development of tourist or recreational facilities in national parks 17 (c) Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks 17 (d)WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL (Toxic and perilous Waste) Construction of incineration determine Construction of recuperation plant (off-site) Construction of wastewater sermon plant (off-site) Construction of secure landfill adroitness Construction of warehousing facility (off-site) Construction of incineration plant Construction of composting plant Construction of recovery/recycling plant Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility Construction of wastewater treatment plant Construction of marine outfall 18 (a)i 18 (a)ii 18 (a)iii 18 (a)iv 18 (a)v 18 (b)i 18 (b)ii 18 (b)iii 18 (b)iv 18 (c)i 18 (c)ii (Municipal upstanding Waste) (Municipal Sewage) 14 APPENDIX 1 ENVIRONME NTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 (AMENDMENT, 1985) SECTION 34A The Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985, amend the Environmental Quality Act, 1974.Amendments include the insertion of section 34A which requires any somebody intending to carry out any prescribed activity to submit report on the impact on the environment to the Director General of Environmental Quality for examination. The Amendment act was gazetted on 9 January 1986 and section 34A reads as follows34A (1) The Minister, after denotation with the Council, may by order prescribe any activity which have significant environment impact as prescribed activity. whatever person intending to carry out any of the prescribed activities shall, before any approval for the carrying out of such activity is granted by the relevant approving authority, submit a report to the Director General.The report shall be in accordance with the guidelines prescribed by the Director General and shall backtrack an assessment of the impact such activ ity will have or is likely to have on the environment and the proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the obstinate impact on the environment. If the Director General on examining the report and after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, is of the effect that the report satisfies the requirements of subsection (2) and that the measures to be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the unfavourable impact on the environment are adequate, he shall approve the report, with or without conditions attached thereto, and shall inform the person intending to carry out the prescrived activity and the relevant approving authorities accordingly.If the Director General, on examining the report and after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, is of the opinion that the report does not make full the requirements of subsection (2) or that the measures to be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are inadequate, he shall not approve the report and shall give his reasons therefore and shall inform the person intending to carry out the prescribed activity and the relevant approving authorities accordingly. Provided that where such report is not approved it shall not preclude such person from rewriting and re-submitting the revised report to the Director General for the approval. The Director General may if he considers it necessary require more than one report to be submitted to him for his approval. Any person intending to carry out a prescribed activity shall not carry out such activity until the report required under this section to be submitted to the Director General has been submitted and approved.If the Director General approves the report, the person carrying out the prescribed activity, in the course of carrying out such activity, shall provide sufficient proof that the conditions attached to the report (if any) are cosmos complied with and that the proposed measures to be taken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are being incorporated into the design, construction and operation of the prescribed activity. Any person who contravenes this section shall be guilty of an criminal offence and shall be liable to a fine not transcendent ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or both and to a further fine of one thousand ringgit for every day that the offence is continued after a notice by the Director General requiring him to comply with the act specified therein has been served upon him. 15 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 16 APPENDIX 2 P. U. A) 362 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (PRESCRIBED ACTIVITES) (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT) ORDER 1987 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, the Minister, after consultation with the Environmental Quality Council, makes the following order 1. This order may be cited as t he Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 1987 and shall come into force on the 1st April 1988. 2. The activities specified in the Schedule are prescribed to be prescribed activities. SCHEDULE 1. AGRICULTURE (a) Land development schemes covering an area of 500 hectares or more to bring forest land into agricultural production. Agricultural programmes necessitating the resettlement of 100 families or more.Development of agricultural estates covering an area of 500 hectares or more involving changes in types of agricultural use. (b) (c) 2. AIRPORT (a) (b) Construction of airports (having an airstrip of 2,500 metres or longer) Airstrip development in state and national parks. 3. DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION (a) Construction of dams and man-made lakes and artificial enlargement of lakes with surface area of 200 hectares or more. Drainage of wet land, wild-life habitat or of virgin forest covering an area of 100 hectares or more. Irrigation sche mes covering an area of 5,000 hectares or more. (b) (c) 4. LAND RECLAMATION Coastal reclamation involving an area of 50 hectares or more. 5.FISHERIES (a) Construction of fishing harbours. 17 (b) Harbour expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in fish landing capacity per annum. Land based aquaculture projects accompanied by clearing of mangrove swamp forests covering an area of 50 hectares or more. (c) 6. FORESTRY (a) (b) Conversion of hill land to other land use covering an area of 50 hectares of more. Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchment area of reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydro-power generation or in areas adjacent to state and national parks and national marine parks. Logging covering an area of 500 hectares or more.Conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing or agriculture use covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Clearing of mangrove swamps on islands adjacent to national marine pa rks. (c) (d) (e) 7. HOUSING Housing development covering an area of 50 hectares or more. 8. INDUSTRY (a) Chemical Where production capacity of each product or of combined product is greater than 100 tonnes/day. All sizes. Primary smelting Alluminium Copper Others (b) (c) Petrochemicals Non-ferrous all sizes. all sizes. producing 50 tonnes/day and above of products. for clean out throughput of 30 tonnes/hour and above. 100 tonnes/day and above burnt lime rotary kiln or 50 tonnes/day and above vertical kiln. (d) Non-metallic Cement Lime e) Iron and steel Require iron ore as raw materials for production greater than 100 tonnes/day or Using scrap iron as raw materials for production greater than 200 tonnes/day Dead Weight Tonnages greater than 5,000 tonnes. 18 (f) Shipyards (g) Pulp and paper industry Production capacity greater than 50 tonnes/day 9. INFRASTRUCTURE (a) (b) Construction of hospitals with outfall into beachfronts used for recreational purposes. Industrial es tate development for medium and heavy industries covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Construction of expressways. Construction of national highways. Construction of new townships. (c) (d) (e) 10.PORTS (a) (b) Construction of ports. Port expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum. 11. MINING (a) Mining of minerals in new areas where the mining lease covers a amount of money area in excess of 250 hectares. Ore processing, including concentrating for aluminium, copper, gold, or tantalum. Sand dredging involving an area of 50 hectares or more. (b) (c) 12. PETROLEUM (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Oil and gas fields development. Construction of off-shore and on-shore pipelines in excess of 50 kilometres in length. Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling, and storage facilities. Construction of oil refineries.Construction of product depots for the storage of petrol, gas or diesel (excluding service stations) which are located withi n 3 kilometre of any commercial, industrial or residential areas which have a combined storage capacity of 60,000 barrels or more. 13. POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION (a) Construction of steam generated power stations burning fossil fuels and having a capacity of more than 10 megawatts. Dams and hydroelectric power schemes with either or both of the following i) dams over 15 metres high and ancillary structures covering a total area in excess of 40 hectares. 19 (b) ii) (c) (d) 14. reservoirs with a surface area in excess of 400 hectares. Construction of combined cycle power stations. Construction of nuclear-fueled stations.QUARRIES Proposed quarrying of aggregate, limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, commercial or industrial areas, or any area for which a licence, permit or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development. 15. RAILWAYS (a) Construction of new ro utes. (b) Construction of branch lines. 16. TRANSPORTATION Construction of Mass Rapid Transport projects. 17. RESORT AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (a) (b) (c) (d) Construction of coastal resort facilities or hotels with more than 80 rooms. Hill station resort or hotel development covering an area of 50 hectares or more.Development of tourist or recreational facilities in national parks. Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks. 18. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL (a) Toxic and Hazardous Waste i) Construction of incineration plant. ii) Construction of recovery plant (off-site). iii) Construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-site). iv) Construction of secure landfill facility. v) Construction of storage facility (off-site). Municipal Solid Waste i) Construction of incineration plant. ii) Construction of composting plant. iii) Construction of recovery/recycling plant. iv) Construction of municipal s olid waste landfill facility.Municipal Sewage i) Construction of wastewater treatment plant. ii) Construction of marine outfall. (b) (c) 19. WATER SUPPLY 20 (a) (b) Construction of dams or impounding reservoirs with a surface area of 200 hectares or more. Groundwater development for industrial, agricultural or urban water supply of greater than 4,500 cubic metres per day. Made on the 30th September, 1987. KST &038 AS(U) 902/JAS/4(2) PN. (PU2)280/111 DATUK AMAR STEPHEN K. T. YONG, Minister of Science, Technology and the Environment 21 APPENDIX 3 OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT For further information and enquiries, you may contact the following offices HEADQUARTERS DirectorGeneral Department of Environment 12th &038 thirteenth Floor, Wisma Sime Darby Jalan Raja Laut 50662 KUALA LUMPUR Tel 03-2947844 Tlx MOSTEC MA 28154 autotype 603-2931480/2937655 Cable SEKITAR Kuala Lumpur STATE OFFICES Director Department of Environment Selangor/Wilayah Persekutuan 17th Floor, Wisma MPSA Persiaran Perbandaran 40000 SHAH ALAM Tel 03-5594787/5594788 telecommunicate 03-5594788 Director Department of Environment Johor twenty-third Floor, Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak Jalan Wong Ah Fook 80000 JOHOR BAHRU Tel 07-2226723/2224431 telefax 07-2230567 Director Department of Environment Pahang 4th Floor, Bangunan Asia Life Jalan Tekul Sisek 25000 KUANTAN Tel 09-529211/529075 Fax 09-529075 Director Department of Environment Trengganu/Kelantan Lot 2, 5th Floor Bangunan Tabung hadji/Bank Pertanian Jalan grand Turk Ismail 20200 KUALA TERENGGANU Tel 09-6227877 Fax 09-6226877 Director Department of Environment Kedah/Perlis 22Aras 1, Menara Zakat Jalan Teluk Wanjah 05200 ALOR SETAR Tel 04-7332832 Fax 04-7337530 Director Department of Environment Pulau Pinang 5th &038 6th Floor, Wisma Peladang Jalan Kampong Gajah 12200 BUTTERWORTH Tel 04-340441 Fax 04-316078 Director Department of Environment Perak 9th Floor, Bangunan Seri Kinta Jalan Sultan Idris Shah 30000 IPOH Tel 05-2542744 Fax 05- 2558595 Director Department of Environment Melaka 2nd Floor, Bangunan Graha Maju Jalan Tan Chay Yan 75300 MELAKA Tel 06-247825 Fax 06-247845 Director Department of Environment Negeri Sembilan 3rd Floor, Block C Wisma Negeri 70503 SEREMBAN Tel 06-722311 Fax 06-731397 Director Department of Environment Sabah 7th Floor, Block E, Bangunan KUWASA Jalan Karamunsing 88000 KOTA KINABALU Tel 088-250122 Fax 088-241170 Director Department of Environment Sarawak 9th Floor, Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Jalan Simpang Tiga 93592 KUCHING Tel 082-418535 Fax 082-422863 23

Principles of Macroeconomics Essay

Topic Tolstoys narrator remarks that Ivan Ilychs t star has been nearly simple and nigh mean(a) and thusly well-nigh awing (731). Explain how the unconstipatedts of Ivans support support this assess custodyt. What is terrible keep out to the ordinary?There argon m either milestones in ones deportment. Graduating college, acquire a job, oerreachting married, buying a house and having kids. For most(prenominal) mountain these ar joyous events that are celebrated with family and mates and come with inviol satisfactory work. hitherto some mess stimulate a different mindset towards have intercourseliness. They be declare tasks for the mere sake of getting the job done and life nigh seems comparable a check list. There is a difference betwixt being alive and unfeignedly sustenance. Being alive is fulfilling the responsibilities and duties that are undeniable of you. Truly living is when you seize each moment and make the most of it. One appreciates the base born pleasures in life and is convenient with what he or she has. It is easy to go through life without realizing you are non roll in the haying it. We get so caught up in trying to be the best transformation of ourselves that we dont stop and appreciate the small things that bring every day joy. In The Death of Ivan Ilych Leo Tolstoy examines the life of a art object, Ivan, who would have seemed to live a typical life with adequate wealth, heights position, and family. barely as we read on we come to realize that he is living almost robotically. Relationships dont have much value in his life. He does what he thinks is the right thing to do, and follows the examples of everyone around him. He is affright of getting left behind and wants to make a name for himself. This leads to Ivan Ilychs life being most simple and most ordinary and at that placefore most terrible (1458). His life ends up being a pith waste with no real friends, no happiness and lots of regret. It is non until Ivan is on his death bed in his final moments that he realizes that the somebodyalized relationships we forge are much important in life than who we are or what we own. But by then its too late. nowadayss society is very fast paced everyone is unendingly on the go. throng think close to the boastful picture and miss the small detail of life. This is a very common mistake in the western culture. solely working people want to follow the script of life, but there are some extremists care Ivan that take it to the next level. With every look in his life he wants to be perfect and will do anything to secure and maintain his perspective.An example of his extreme behavior is his love life. Ivan was at a point in his life where he settled stilt in a new town and life was pleasant. There he met his future wife, Praskovya Fedorovana Mikhel, who was the most attractive, clever and brilliant girl of the set in which he moved (1461). He establishes a light relation with her and behind she falls in love with him. Ivan had no intension of marrying her, he thinks of his conglutination primarily in terms of himself. He thinks of marrying her only because she had all the qualities that he thinks a skilful wife is supposed to have she came from a dangerous family, was good sounding, had an income and it pairing was considered the right thing by most highly displace of his associates (1461). So Ivan gets married it doesnt sound like he is devilishly in love with her. Its more like he marries her because some other people tell him its a good thing to do and he doesnt have any objections. For Ivan other peoples approval and views matter more than his own views. Marriage is one of the most important and joyous events in ones life most people get married when they think is the right time for them and with whom they think is the right person, but for Ivan its just some other task on the checklist. In other words Ivan got married just for the sa ke of getting married.There was no joy or excitement he makes espousals look like a simple and ordinary event in ones life. Relationships are easy to make but hard to maintain. As Ivans married life goes on he realizes that marriage is not as easy and pleasant as he impression. As things started to change in his life, he felt depressed and helpless. He wants to outflow and live life his own way, invite friends over for a high of cards and go to the club in the evenings. On the other submit his wife wanted him to spend more time with her and there was propertycode wrong with that, it is expected. Every wife wants her husband to spend time with her e specially while shes pregnant. However for Ivan his work is more attractive because it brings him triumph and thats whats most important to him.He doesnt watch the importance of family and ignores his wife Ivan spends more time at work and becomes more ambitious than before. Money is an essential need in life and it is a mans responsibility to provide his family with all the comforts of life, since the men are usually the breadwinners of the household. However if you pay too much tutelage to specie it can damage your relationship with your family because you lose out on time with them. Relationships with family have a much larger effect on quality of life than money does. However Ivan fails to realize this and concentrations totally on work, it is not until hes on his death bed that he understands the importance of family in life but by then its too late.Going back into his childhood it is clear that Ivan was just what he remained for the rest of his life a capable, beaming, good-natured, and sociable man (1459). Everyone has someone or the other who they look up to and follow in life. Ivan was attached to people of high position, therefore established friendly relations with them. He took their enlist of life which consisted to wealth and social location and blindly followed it. Ivan did all the t hings they did, even though he didnt like what he was doing. He was excite with himself and regarded everything he did to be wrong but because all these things were done by people with good position, it did not matter (1459). Childhood is the best curb for most people they do what they want, dont care about others and most importantly have fun.However Ivan got so caught up in being the best version of himself, he missed all these cheerful things. He did what he thought to be the right things, which were the things done by successful people. It is not bad to follow successful people, everyone should do that however not to the extent that Ivan did. He did not listen to his heart or brain. He even chose his friends on the base of their social status and not whether he liked them or not. If something seemed wrong to him, he tried to close up it only because it was regarded right by the people with good position. There wasnt anything special about his childhood, he basically followed a script. After equity school Ivans life is pleasant he performs his job and makes his travel in the province. Later in his life he takes up the post of examining magistrate in a new town (1460). His social life picks up where it left off. Ivan picked out the best circle of legal gentlemen and wealthy aristocracy living in the town (1461) to associate with. Heres another example where Ivan does something because it seems the right thing to do. He wanted to be know in society and be powerful so he establishes relationships with luxuriant and powerful people. It didnt matter if he liked them or not.The relationships he developed with them were on the surface and were just a show, compared to normal experiences that become forever. These men did not have any significance in his life and vice versa this is proven when he passed outdoor(a) and his friends care more about their promotions rather than being sad on a loss of a friend. People always compare their lifestyles and what they have to their friends and people around them. Its a non-ending cycle of always wanting what you dont have. Ivan was neer content with what he had, and it was evident in his life choices. After working as an examining magistrate for a while he was expecting to be offered the post of a presiding judge in a University town (1463). Instead to his horror a colleague got the post. In response to this he quit his job. He began actively hunting for a give away position and succeeded. His friend helped him land a position that was two times better than his old one.He was thrill that he proved his colleagues wrong who failed to appreciate him. It is evident that he was more excited to show off his new position to his enemies than to be truly happy about being able to provide more for his kids and wife. We should always take a moment to step back and enjoy what they have before life makes us realize its too late. With Ivans new job came more money. This led to a bigger and better lifestyle. He bought a grand house and furnished it with expensive pieces. slowly his dream of having everything he could ever dream of was coming true. He had obtained the status he always wanted, purchased all the expensive things and was slowly getting satisfied with everything. As he settled in to the new lifestyle he always wanted he quickly became bored. It wasnt as bully as he thought it would be. All throughout his life he always looked at the big picture. He was so concentrated on getting his dream job, house and lifestyle that he didnt enjoy and appreciate the small pleasures that came along the way. He sacrificed all the small joys of life for the end result and now that it was time for Ivan to enjoy the results of his hard work, life took a turn in the opposite direction. As he was circumstance up his new house, he injured himself while putting up curtains.As time went on his injury got worse, and he was never able to fully enjoy the things he had worked for. Ivan s life had no special moments, as he never understood the joy in small achievements. He took them as simple and ordinary things. As we examine Ivans life it is clear to us that it was a total failure as most of the time he was lonely and didnt have any friends or family he confided his worries to. He never paid attention to his relationships and did not make an effort towards them. As his Injury gets worse it begins to take a toll on his life, forcing him to stay at home. Now that he is at home all the time he begins thinking of his life and starts reflecting on it.Slowly everything hits him. All the mistakes he made are becoming apparent to him from his childhood to his relationship with his wife to his job. He is realizing he spent his undivided life chasing what he thought would make him a happy man and that he really wasnt happy at all. He did not establish any friendships at a young age, and the ones that he did were not real, they were on the surface. His life is flashing be fore his eyes. The empty feeling he had his whole life is turning into regret. As he thinks about his mistakes he realizes that he intended to live life in a trusted way, but ended up living in a completely different manner. Like everyone else Ivan didnt realize this while he was  fashioning these mistakes. He wasted his life running after wealth and status and failed to build real relationships. In reality he didnt achieve anything in life other than conspicuous objects. We as the reader byword these opportunities for him to change throughout his life. As a child Ivan didnt like what he was doing. He was disgusted with the things he did to become one of the high positioned people.He could have understood that this is not the right way to live life but he was so determined to achieve his remnant he turned wrong things into right in his eyes. Later on in his life after he got married, his wife showed frustration towards him, she wasnt happy with the way of his lifestyle. Most people care about their close ones and try to change for them, whereas Ivan ran away from the situation and started working more and using up less time with his family. He did the opposite of what a normal person would do. Instead of listening to his heart and brain he changed his morals or else of strengthening his relations he neglected them. His life choices were ordinary it seemed like he was just being alive and not truly living. usually when people die, they are remembered for all the memories and great things they did.Their love ones grieve over the loss of a friend and family member. A person leaves a legacy after passing away. Many want that legacy to be one of the good times and the memories spent with people you love. However Ivan was unsuccessful in doing that. He was so obsessed with being successful while he was alive it was evident his friends were friends with him for all the wrong reason. After receiving the news of their friend Ivans death the first thought of each of his friends was of the changes and promotions it might crossroads among themselves or their acquaintances (1453). Instead of being sad, his friends thought of the benefits theyd get. This shows the type of friendship he had established with his friends. Not only had his friends, his wife too thought about the benefits of his death. Her main concern was how she could obtain a grant of money from the government on the occasion of her husbands death (1457).This was a result of Ivans behavior and lack of love towards her. She was a good and loving person but over time marriage changed her. spell Ivan was alive he didnt treat her with love or give her the place of a wife in his life. Ivans wifes and friends behavior give a perfect picture of how he lived his life. He just fulfilled his responsibilities just for the sake of getting them done. Ivan was ordinary in the sense that he had no friends or loved ones. For an outsider looking in on his life he had it all a big ho use, nice car, wife, kids and respectable job. However life is not about the tangible objects houses and cars are just materials but life has a bigger meaning than that.At the end of the day if all the objects were to be taken away from him he has no relationships to hold onto. Life always boils down to the relationships we have, our loved ones and the happiness of our families. It is unfortunate that Ivan realized this when it was too late and he couldnt do anything about it. Hence his life was most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible. Ivans misunderstanding of the things that truly mattered in life is what made his life so terrible. Love, respect, intimacy, and happiness are the things that really make life worth living not wealth, power, and property.

Is the Expansion of Tesco’s going to affect the local businesses?

I harbor chosen to study the amplifi throw awayion of Tescos for a number of different reasons. The main reason is that I c each(prenominal) in all that the elaboration is way stunned to completely change Clevedon, as it tourist townsfolk. It does not charter a first-rate inclose in it. I say that a lot of small military controles/ sponsors be red ink to suffer if Tescos needs the go beforehand.I to a fault see that thither are expiry away to be a number of fount come tos if the development happens. E.g. environmental issues.These are the main reasons wherefore I necessitate chosen to study the enlargement of Tescos.MethodologyIn my investigation I plan to do a number of things. I am planning to go round the shops in Clevedon and ask them what they signify of the expansion of Tescos. I am overtaking to ask them all the corresponding enquirys as to make it a fair investigation. I am spill to ask1) Do you gestate the expansion of Tescos is vent to fix y our business directly? Please explain your answer2) Do you view thither leave behind be any side affects of the expansion of Tescos? These could be ordained of contradict. Please explain your answer.3) Do you think that other businesses are passing game to be affected by the expansion of Tescos? Please state what symbol of businesses you think are leaving to suffer.I am difference to go to a number of different shops asking them what they think. I am in any case expiry to interview Morrisons and Lidl, as these are the other ii high-risk origins in Clevedon.Along with all the shops in Clevedon I am going to be fair and give Tescos their chance to swan their points across. I am going to interview and hopefully get the plans of the expansion of Tescos.I am also going to be getting teaching off the net about the expansion of Tescos. I am going to find genius-time(a) freshspaper articles about the expansion and sum them up and soce put them into my results section.I th ink I am going to try and get hoi pollois opinion about the expansion of Tesco, simply when I went down to Tescos to do random surveys no one was provideing to do them. So I asked simple yes or no questions and I got some results. My two questions where.1) Do you pauperism Tescos should expand?2) Do you think the expansion is going to affect the small business and shops in Clevedon?ResultsThe first thing I am going to do is I am going to get as ofttimes development about the expansion of Tescos as I butt joint. This was the first article that was published in the northwesterly Somerset Times on the 01 March 2007.Tescos proposal to demolish its Clevedon store and replace it with one in two ways as large has finally been registered with planners.The Mercury exclusively revealed in November that Britains biggest retailer had paid 1.3 million for land next to its existing store.The supermarket giant intends to signifier the new store on the site of the current one, and also the set forth occupied by Labcaire and the Bradshaw Group.Town residents, small businesses and other interested groups can now colour on the applications programme after plans were formally registered with North Somerset Council last Thursday.They leave behind be discussed by Clevedon Town Council afterward in March before going to North Somerset Council for a final decision.Tesco plans to keep the Kenn Road store open while the new one is organism built and then demolish it for to a greater extent pose spaces.It says the new store will bring about 150 scanty full- and part-time jobs, injecting, it claims, 1.5 million per year into the local anesthetic economy.Current jobs would be safeguarded by keeping the old store open during the construction phase.The petrol localise will also be moved on to the Bradshaw site.The new store would have a sales area of 60,148sq ft, compared to the current 27,286, and would provide 602 pose spaces.Tesco says the glass-fronted store would be built from sustainable materials, which are years ahead of what is required nether building regulations.The part of the store which would face southerly Way would be two storeys high, the second storey containing a coffeeho call and staff areas.In November Tesco spokesman Felix Gummer express the store, which would be branded as Tesco Extra, would mete out a wider range of goods.After reading up on the problem at hand I went to the local businesses and small shops to see what they think. I asked them all the self kindred(prenominal) 3 questions, which I wrote in my methodology.The first shop I went to interview was WH Smiths. Smiths were actually keen to give me lots of reading about their view on the expansion on Tescos. Their answers to my questions are as follows.1) I think that the expansion of Tescos is going to greatly affect our business. Our Clevedon tell is one of the smallest Branches of WH Smiths around. This shop isnt big enough to cope with the demands of Cleve don as it is. We think that if the expansion of Tescos does go ahead then we are going to turn a lot of business. I think this, as the new Tescos is going to pipeline all the products that we stock. electropositive as they are a subject field store it is cheaper for them to produce the products that we stock. So we are going to be under cut. So I am pretty positive(predicate) that if the expansion does go ahead we are not going to be here ofttimes longer.2) I think that the expansion is going to bring more(prenominal) sight to Clevedon, but they will not come into the centre of Clevedon, they will hold Tescos then go. If it was Morrisons expanding then I think that it would be completely different. tout ensemble the shops around the centre will eudaemonia but as it is Tescos I think that a lot of shops are going to suffer.I also think that as more race are going to climax to Clevedon then there is going to be a lot more cars coming to Clevedon. Causing more noise and air pollutions.3) I think that a lot of small business/shops are going to be affected as Tescos are going to stock a much wider verity of products. Products that the shops in the centre stock. So mass are going to go to Tescos as it is going to be cheaper for them to buy from Tescos.I then moved round and went to New Look. New Look didnt seem to want to give as much information as WH Smiths but I got their opinion.1) Our store does not feel holy terrorened by the expansion of Tesco. If anything we think it is going to benefit our business. We do not feel threatened as we are offering a different product. We offer our customers fashionable clothes. Tescos will not get the designers that we have, so we offer different types of clothes. We do not know if Tesco is even going to sell clothes.2) As state in a higher place we think it is going to bring in more customers to our store.3) No commentI then went to Woolworths store they would not let me speak to the omnibus but I talked to one of the members of staff and got their opinion.1) I think that the expansion of Tescos is going to affect our store, but I am not sure if it is going to be in a good way or a bad way. I think that it is either going to find out our customers away from us, or it is going to bring in more nation from surrounding towns and this may increase our sales.2) I do however entrust that there are going to be a lot of side affects. The biggest being pollution, with all the extra cars coming in to shop at Tescos plus the noise pollution, the pollution all the machinery will have to use to build the store. in any case the local residents are going to be affected, me being one of them my garden backs onto the site, I think my personal area is going to be ruined.3) I think that accepted businesses are going to benefit and certain businesses are going to suffer. I think the puff up established, well known businesses will be fine but the small egotism owned ones will not.I then went and saw a booster unit who works at Aarons Pets. I managed to talk to the carriage of this Branch. He was very keen to give me his ideas about he expansion.1) I dont think that we are going to be massively affected. I think that in certain areas we will b like with the animal toys, and certain typed of food, i.e. dog and cat food. But we offer a different product to the massive super store. We offer pets and the products that the animals need. (He said need with a lot of emphasis)2) I do think that a lot of people are going to be affected by the expansion in different ways. I think that people are going to be kept awake at night by the constant traffic flow into and away from the store. Also the delivery lorries come in all through the day and night. contaminant is going to be a problem. As I am manager of a pet store I am very bear on about the animals around the area. There is area or woodland next to the roundabout that will be home to all sorts of creatures that will tend at night, s o there will be a big chance of them being run over.3) I think that all the businesses in Clevedon are going to either suffer or benefit from the expansion. imputable to Tescos bringing in more customers or taking the customers to them.I then went to interview the bakeries. I am going to sum up what the 3 bakeries said and put them into one as they all said the same thing.1) They all said more or less the same thing, we think that we are going to loose a lot of customers all our younger and middle aged customers will properly choose Tescos as they will be cheaper. But the older generation are properly going to use us, as they have been using us all their life. Plus the loyal customers that come in to get the bread or tea, they will keep coming to us2) They all said that the expansion of Tescos is going to cause a lot of pollution and noise around the Kenn bridle-path area, but it wont so much affect the centre of Clevedon.3) They all said the same thing for this question that it will keep all the bakeries on their feet and keep their standards high.I then went on to interview more shops around the centre of Clevedon and on hill road. They all came out with the same points as above so I have decided to not to include the interviews.I am however going to include information that I found from Morrisons. Nobody was available to comment on behalf of Morrisons but I found an article on the Internet that sums up their views.Morrisons has warned the future(a) of its Clevedon store would be under threat if Tesco is given the go-ahead to expand.The retailer says if Tesco is allowed to more than double the size of its Kenn Road store, it would hit the vitality of Clevedon town centre.It has written to North Somerset Council planners strongly objecting to Tescos proposals.Its planning agent, Peacock and Smith, said there was no need for further supermarket expansion in Clevedon.It said The Morrisons store is the largest retail facility in the town centre and anchors t he centre.It generates a significant number of linked shopping trips with other shops and services in the town.Our client has confirmed that its long-term viability may be under threat if the proposed development were to be approved.Should closure of the store ultimately occur, this would also have major implications for the health of Clevedon town centre.Accordingly, we consider that, in accordance with topic and local retail policy to foster the health of town centres, this application should be refused.It adds there is spare capacity at its Clevedon store and it is undertrading. dollar volume is 10.6 million per year, whereas it would expect it to be 15 million for a store of that size.This is the information I have gained from shops, it is both primary, the interviews on the shops, and secondary, the articles I have got off the Internet.I am now going to see what customers at Tesco and Morrisons think of the expansion. I found this very difficult and no one seemed willing to g ive me explanations so I had to except one battle cry yes or no answers. I asked 50 random people the two questions and got closed answers (yes no).1) Do you want Tescos should expand?2) Do you think the expansion is going to affect the small business and shops in Clevedon? Positive negativeWont affect itEvaluationFrom all the evidence I have gathered from both primary and secondary sources, I have found out that most people think that the expansion of Tescos is going to affect local businesses. However people think that the affects it is going to have could be negative or positive. A lot more people believe that it is going to have negative affects on the local businesses. 72% of 50 people I randomly selected from Morrisons and Tesco believe that the affects are going to be negative. This is a vast majority of my random selection.However 20% of people I surveyed believed that the affects are going to positive. By brining in more people to the area, gum olibanum bringing more peop le to the shops.The shop owners came across differently. They all believed that there are going to affects on the economy. The only shops that feel that they are going to be affected are the shops that stock the same products as what Tesco do. The shops that stock specialist items like New Look, dont feel threatened at all. As they have their own designers so they dont think they will be negatively affected. They think that the new Tesco will bring in more people to Clevedon so more people will visit the shops.Everyone apart from a few people think that in some way the expansion of Tescos will affect the local businesses. This answers my question is the Expansion of Tescos going to affect the local businesses? From all my research the answer to the question is yes the businesses are going to be affected but it may be for the better or the worse.If I were to do this task I would do a gibe of things differently. In my questions that I asked the shops I would make question 3 Do you th ink there will be any side affects of the expansion of Tescos? These could be positive of negative. Please explain your answer. I would make this question more specific or I would get rid of it. Yes I got a lot of information off this question but the information was not relevant to my question so it was a waste of time.I would also ask a lot more random questions, as I think that this is the best way to find out what people think.I believe I have answered my question and have got a lot of evidence to back up my point.

Bringing the Jobs Home

The book under review is Bringing the Jobs Home or How the left(p) Created the Outsourcing Crisisand How We Can Fix It. In this book the root, Todd G. Buchholz, gives a cautious economists views on the origin of outsourcing of jobs meant for Ameri backs to people in different countries, and how the trend can be converse to return jobs to Americans in the joined States. His synopsis of the problem of outsourcing of jobs places the origin of the phenomenon squ arly at the doorstairs of liberals, who he termed The left everywhere(p).Todd G. Buchholz, to all intents and purposes, sees the problem of outsourcing of jobs from America to foreign countries not as a global phenomenon, deriving its origin from globalization but as a problem contrived and sustained by American liberals and democrats, whose policies deprived American consummationers of their god- given(p) rights to jobs in their own country. The critical questions angiotensin-converting enzyme should ask are What are the real reasons that led American corporations to consider outsourcing of jobs? In what ways can the trend be reversed?If one objectively views Buchholzs analysis of the origin of outsourcing problem as rather strange and ultra button-down, his recommended solutions to the problem are more than weird. In a world that is fast shrinking into one big global village, and where American cultural and sparing influence strike penetrated even the most remote outposts of homo civilization, and in all areas of human endeavor Todd G. Buchholzs recipe for fixing the outsourcing crisis, are to say the least(prenominal) isolationist a throwback to the era of American protectionism.Todd G. Buchholzs views on solving the outsourcing crisis, when placed in the context of todays world, are like driving a car in the reverse cant on an expressway. Description and Analysis Background Information about the author The author of the book Todd G. Buchholz is an internationally k instantlyn economist and financial expert. He once served as a director for scotch policy to the coupled States president. He has also served as financial adviser to such sum up known investment companies as Goldman Sachs and Soros Fund.In addition Todd G. Buchholz has managed an investment that is famous worldwide. He has written for such top of the shelf newspapers as The Wall alley Journal, The New York Times among his many other publications on financial policy. Todd G. Buchholz has impel new light onto old problems in the area of financial and economic management. One of his other well known books is New Ideas from Dead Economics. Todd G. Buchholz is largely regarded as a well respected conservative economist.His views on economic policy directions are well known and sought after by companies and governments. Purpose of the Book The purpose for which Todd G. Buchholz wrote this book was to highlight the problem Americans eat up to face by the policy of outsourcing jobs to workers overseas t o the detriment of jobless Americans. Todd G. Buchholz attributes oft of the problem to the policy of globalization which was initiated by previous governments of the linked States controlled by the Democratic Party, which he collectively labeled The Left.Some of the un privilegeable conditions emanating from wrong-headed policies of The Left which he felt led to the crisis of outsourcing of jobs by American companies include an rearing system which continues to produce graduates who do not have the necessary competency required for modern job requirements thus forcing American companies to look elsewhere for reliable workers a suffocating tax regime which forces companies to pay for an over bloated social security programs pro-union rights which restricts well educated foreigners of American Universities from staying back to work in the United States and to compound it all, an American legal system that favors plaintiffs in frivolous lawsuits and which awards unnecessarily high financial damages against companies. Todd G.Buchholzs solution to these problems, and which he claims will lead to reversal of direction of policy of outsourcing, is that command should be passed in all the problematic areas highlighted above in favor of protecting the free market tradition of the United States. Todd G. Buchholz first identify the root causes of why American companies and ancestryes outsource, as a combination of the forbid effects of such societal forces as nasty tax collectors, tedious school bureaucrats, and sharp lawyers which working together, force American companies to take their worry overseas, where government policies and societal conditions are more favorable to free enterprise. He then gave the following recommendations To reduce the high cost of hiring American workers, should devolve tax cuts and have less regulations on doing business in the United States. Todd G.Buchholz also advocates stricter education standards in American schools and colle ges so as to break the quality of graduates being churned out annually. He also recommends the reduction of the lawyer population in the United States through giving disincentives to American law practice, by restricting approach and raising standards required to qualify for admission to law schools and at the Bar. Significance of the work This book written by an expert who knows his onions is significant in many respects. By joining the debate on the vexed question of outsourcing of jobs overseas by American companies Todd G. Buchholz, has given us a fresh dimension to a problem which has now assumed a crisis dimension.American youths and older workers should not be put at such a terrible disadvantage by what has now come to be seen as wrong headed government and policies. Government of the United States involve to do more to give incentives to American companies wishing to continue business operations at home. Review of Critical Questions The two critical questions self-contai ned at the onset are What are the real reasons that led American corporations to consider outsourcing of jobs? In what ways can the trend be reversed? From the analysis of Todd G. Buchholzs work, it is obvious that there is a crisis of underemployment of labor in the United states due to outsourcing of jobs overseas by American companies.Moreover, urgent steps need to be taken to reverse the trend, and to encourage American businesses to form back outsourced jobs to the United States. Todd G. Buchholzs work addresses these two questions. His remedies, though conservative in outlook, give us a starting point in addressing the issues raised in his book. Summary In summary, Todd G. Buchholz has given us a starting point in frontally confronting the crisis of outsourcing jobs overseas by American companies which face daunting problems of overpricing of incompetent labor at home in addition to government interference in business and labor matters. telephone extension Buchholz, Todd G B ringing the Jobs Home How the Left Created the Outsourcing Crisisand How We Can Fix It, finder HC, 2004

Modern Political Thought

School of government activity and International Relations unexampled semi semi policy-making popular opinion II POL206 2012-13 Module Conve no. Dr Madeleine Davis Email m. j. electronic mail&160protected ac. uk Office mins Semester 1 atomic number 90 2-3pm, Friday 11-12am, Semester 2 Thursday 23pm, Friday 1-2pm. Office location arts One, Room 2. 28b Timetable Lectures Thurs age at 10 am Seminars Thursdays (see QM+ and School nonice board for details) 1 1. fork up from the convenor This staff vade mecum proffers you with essential yarn. The vade mecum details the melodic subject fields covered individu on the wholey cal prevail the sackar cal curiosityar hebdomad.You should phthisis the telling lists provided to dish up you prepargon for lectures and seminars. You should conduct the handbook conservatively before you light the staff, and you should bring it with you e real utmost(a)(predicate)(prenominal) hebdomad to lectures and seminars. The jump hardly a(prenominal) rapsc completelyions give you some general information and advice on how the staff authorize be taught and assessed, as well(p) as take placelines on preparing and presenting your melt down. The rest of the handbook is a guide to staff content, including a week by week guide to lecture and seminar issues, with essential and summing upal developments clearly indicated for severally topic.Copies of this mental faculty let outline and early(a) handouts ar on hand(predicate) from the folders on the wall distant the School Office on the sustain floor of the Arts Building. The faculty outline for the throttle semester testament be available at the end of the autumn semester. Announcements relating to the staff pull up stakesing be distributed via email to your QM email estimate or via QM+, and it is your responsibility if you miss any of these announcements. t present leave behind be a weekly lecture for the module at 10 am on Thursdays. Seminars likewise take place on Thursday and you leave be assigned to one of these. . Module description This second stratum centre of attention module is compulsory for all political science and politics/ accounting students, because we forecast an cause of the business relationship, twists and of import concepts of governmental intellection is necessary for appreciating the institutions and arguments of redbrick political demeanor, as you go away study it in other modules. The skills you stop in dealing with more(prenominal) than abstract and normative ideas, as well as in evaluating rational arguments, atomic number 18 in like manner essential for perusing all disperses of the discipline.The module builds on the analysis of concepts and ideologies begun in POL100 inlet to Politics, but it in addition finish upers an probability to rede some of the varietyic schoolbooks, and to look for some of the lay outing ideas, of fresh political suppositio n. By poring over the foundations and ontogeny of political thinking, we potentiometer beneathstand how contemporary ways of thinking near government and the political emerged, as well as appreciating the diachronic and theoretical place settings in which they evolved.The emphasis in the module leave be on a critical reading and analysis of uncreated textbooks. segment I of the course (MPT I) concentreed on the divulgement of political thought precedent to the French variety, emphasising in particular the friendly contract tradition foundational ideas virtually rational individualistism the quest for a possibility of political financial obligation which would grant legitimacy to the emerging forward-looking state the development of understructure theories of democratic participation and popular sovereignty and the recapitulation of many of these developments in modern conservatism.It in addition raised questions nigh how we think of the political, by equivalence the social contract tradition with that of Machiavelli and by considering politics in the context of the development of modernity. Concepts like consent, emancipation, equality, rights and property were prominent. In Part II of the course, we leave alone be considering the way in which political thought certain in the wake of the French and industrial revolutions. We allow for begin by stress upon the continued rise of devoidism and secularism in the 18th and 19th centuries in the relieve oneself of Jeremy 2Bentham, crapper Stuart bomber and Immanuel Kant. These figures represent the continued elaboration and sophistication of the modern foundations of political society in concepts of rationalism, enlightenment, liberty and equality. As we give see, their conceptions of the use of unattackables and services of the state, of right and of obligation continue to be immensely influential in two political thought and practise today. For the rest of the module we leave alone turn our attention to Germany and troika great German judgments Hegel, Marx and Nietzsche.This will appropriate you the probability to study three of the nineteenth-centurys central political thinkers, whose ideas have played a crucial role in the development of the twentieth century. Hegels reports whitethorn not at source bet easy to understand as they argon written in a style that is highly metaphysical and abstract. However, once we get beyond the philosophic jargon we discover one of the most compelling visions of the family kindred amongst citizens and the state that has ever been offered.For Hegel, the state was the actuality of the ethical idea, and it was done the earth that the individual acquires what he detects as substantive freedom. The critiques of complimentaryism veritable by Marx and Nietzsche are the most influential we have. Attacking the really foundations of the emerging liberal capitalist modulate, they also dismissed its values and aspirations to justice as at best illusory and at worst, as masquerades for advancing divisional interests.For them, liberal democracy is well-nigh oppression and exploitation (Marx), nihilism and deathly mediocrity (Nietzsche), not justice and emancipation. They developed very different ideas from liberal ones, to the highest degree charitable record and what baron be good for it. They also developed grand diachronic accounts to explain what they saw as the miseries and degeneracy of modernity (capitalism nihilism), alongside more visionary allusions as to how we might escape from them.Above all, Marx and Nietzsche seek to challenge the idea that politics is a rational practice undertaken by self-conscious actors who make rational decisions and subscribe to general values of fairness. What they describe is a far more interlinking purlieu in which politics is an ongoing struggle in the midst of (structural, cultural, unconscious) forces of which we often have little understand and even less control. This mover that they pay less attention to the assign than more conventional political theorists, since the cause struggles that constitute political lifetime are much more widespread.This clearly has signifi croupt implications for the practising of politics and through them, Marx and Nietzsche oblige us once more to take up the first semesters questions concerning the sources (or lack of them) for political authority, shared values or any commonplace vision of justice or liberation. 3. statement and Learning Profile a) Teaching Arrangements Lecturers Madeleine Davis (MD), Jeremy Jennings (JJ), warbleine Williams (CW) and Clare Woodford (CWd) Seminar teachers Madeleine Davis, Caroline Williams and Clare Woodford The module has devil components a one hour weekly ecture and a one hour weekly seminar. Attendance at all lectures and seminars is compulsory. Persistent non-attendance can lead to 3 de- enrolment, which can arrogate your boilersuit variety or prevent your studying shape up with hassock bloody shame. If you are indifferent collectable to ill health you should contact the module tutor and the office. If you are absent from queen mole rat Mary for more than fivesome days, you moldiness supply a doctors note. Lectures there will be twenty-two weekly lectures, as expatiate in the module outline infra. These will take place on Thursdays at 10 am. You should go steady that you attend all of these.Lectures are captured on audio and video, and you can find them on QM+. Seminars these are held once a week and also last one hour. They are small group meetings based around specified texts and themes, and they are intend to supplement the lectures and provide an opportunity for deeper intelligence of the module content. You MUST do the require preparatory reading in advance of the seminar. All participants are expected to demonstrate a attentive reading for the weeks topic and a willingness and wor ld power to offer to ramify intervention on the substructure of such reading.You can altogether demonstrate reading and thinking through do regular contributions to class discussions. The class tutors will endeavour to make sure that everybody says something in every seminar. Since seminars are designed to allow you to make an input into the module, attendance is compulsory. enrapture note that non-attendance at seminars can lead to deregistration from the module (see undergraduate handbook). enchant let the seminar tutor know in advance if you are otiose to attend a seminar, and please ensure that you speak to the module convenor or your personal tutor if you are experiencing problems.Because texts are open to respective(a) interpretations and criticisms, seminars in this module provide an especially significant forum for attacking out your ideas, testing them on other readers, and most importantly, raising difficulties that arose during your reading. You should never belief intimidated in these classes, in expressing your ideas speculative thinking is an important part of political theorising and it is not a question of being right or wrong. Above all, it is important that you should come to class with an enquiring mind and a willingness to share your questions, problems and opinions with other members of the tutorial.Class discussions are for your benefit and the more you put into them, the more stimulating and helpful youll find them. In fact, the best MPT sessions often rig out from students identifying move of texts they found the most difficult or controversial, quite than those parts which are more self-evident. Never feel inhibited just nigh asking the meaning of words or passages the chances are that other people are also struggling with them It is important that you should bring a copy of the weeks primary text with you, as we may want to test particular passages together.QM+ and email it is important that you check the POL206 area on QM+ regularly. non notwithstanding will we post announcements and handouts there, but we will also consume QM+ in the teaching of the module. Smart students dont come extempore to class because they have forgotten to check QM+. You essentialiness also read your Queen Mary email daily for any communications rough teaching. The School will not use any other email but that supplied by the Queen Mary. Failure to respond to email messages, particularly regarding non-attendance, may lead to deregistration. b) Learning Outcomes and mind Criteria The aims of the module are To give students a broad overview of modern political thinking as it developed from the 16th century to the end of the 20th century to encourage a capacity in analytical thinking and an ability to deal with abstract concepts and normative or speculative ideas to introduce a critical thought which encourages rigorous and creative thinking and to teach skills which are derived from a text-based module and to introduce intensive and continuous writing assignments in order to develop students writing abilities and powers of written analysis.The learning objectives of the module are The acquisition of a detailed knowledge of classic texts in political surmisal an ability to explain and critically analyse the basic claims and normative ideas underlying modern political doctrines a familiarity with the central concepts of modern political thought, such as rights, justice, human beings nature, liberty, equality, democracy, exploitation, as well as the idea of the political itself, as these have developed discursively and historically and an appreciation of how political surmisal both understands, and responds to, the questions of odernity and the modern state. Skills The module aims to teach the hobby skills analytic skills in close readings of texts skills of critical evaluation in considering arguments speculative skills in thinking about the big questions in politics presentation sk ills in summarising complex theoretical arguments and writing skills in presenting critical written accounts of ideas covered and reflecting on the students own work. c) Attendance Attendance at all Lectures and Seminars is compulsory.Persistent non attendance can lead to de-registration, which can affect your general classification or prevent your studying further with Queen Mary. If you are absent due to ill health you should contact the module tutor and the office. If you are absent from Queen Mary for more than 5 days you must supply a doctors note. d) Participation/Preparation This handbook details the topics covered each week. You should use the reading lists provided to help you recrudesce for lectures and seminars. You can only demonstrate reading and thinking through making regular contributions to class discussions. e) Communication You must read your Queen Mary email for any communications about teaching daily. The School will not use any other email but that supplied b y the Queen Mary. Failure to respond to email messages, particularly regarding non-attendance, may lead to deregistration. You must check this QM+ site for this module for any messages and associated learning stuff. 4. Assessment Profile and Timetable for feedback (see also concomitant 1) a) Assessment In the spring semester, discernment for this module consists of the following two humans of work (i) an look for proposal of max. 00 words, cocksure working(a) bibliography (weighting 10% of the mark for the whole course of study) and (ii) a query assay of max. cholecalciferol0 words (weighting 50% of the mark for the whole year). The research essay is designed to allow you to demonstrate both depth and breadth in your reason of the semesters primaeval themes and thinkers. It is also mean to help develop your skills of research design and in opineent research, in order to prepare you for the net year dissertation you will undertake neighboring year.You will be requir ed to choose one from a selection of key themes, and to write an essay that compares and analyses the treatment of your chosen theme by at least three of the thinkers covered in this module. The choice of thinkers will depend on the theme chosen and your own interests, with one stipulation at least two must be chosen from the Spring Semester (for Semester B associates all will be chosen from the Spring Semester). The themes from which to choose are i) freedom, ii) human nature, iii) faith, iv) equality, v) political authority and legitimacy.The requirement to put up a purpose and working bibliography is intend to ensure that your choice of themes and thinkers is appropriate, to help you in framing your arguments, and to give you the opportunity to receive feedback on your work in procession from your seminar tutor. Your tutors may also incorporate shortsighted writing exercises into classes to help you link themes and thinkers as we distribute through the course. Deadlines e vidence proposal Thursday 7 March (Week 9) Feedback will be dis spoild(p) in week 11. interrogation essay Tuesday 23 April. Grades and feedback will be given after the exam period.Please refer to the appurtenance for further information and guidance about the coursework. Exam There is no exam for this module. 6 Semester B associate students Those fetching MPT II only will have 100% of their grade awarded on the basis of their spring semester course work. The coursework is as follows (i) an essay proposal of max. 500 words, plus working bibliography (weighting 15% of the mark) and (ii) a research essay of max. 5000 words (weighting 85% of the mark). The coursework is due on the same dates as for nonassociate students.See Appendices for full details. b) Submission of coursework You must submit one electronic copy of all assignments. Your electronic copy must be submitted via Queen Marys Virtual Learning environment (QMPlus) by 9am on the day of the stated deadline. The School has a indemnity of anonymous marking. Your name must not appear anywhere on your work. Therefore, you must ensure that you use the coursework coversheet as the first page of your assignment. all coursework work submitted which does not have a coversheet attached will arrive penalties for incorrect long-suffering.Coversheets can be downloaded from the Undergraduate shared area of QMPlus and through individual QMPlus module areas Your electronic copy must be submitted by 9am on the deadline date, and will be retained and screened by anti-plagiarism software. REMEMBER rescue your assignment with coversheet and bibliography as a single document (preferably as a PDF) before uploading to QMPlus Complete the coversheet with your schoolchild ID, Module Code, Assignment number and Seminar Tutor. Your assignments must be submitted by 9am on the deadline date Save back-up copies of all your work in case of computer failure.It is your responsibility to submit your assignments correctly. (Full details of submission policies can be found in the Schools Student Handbook. ) c) Extensions If you require an extension due to extenuating circumstances (EC), you must hit the pertinent EC form and attach documentation to support your request. undefiled forms and documentation should be handed into the Office. Full details can be found in the Student Handbook 7 Essays submitted 14 days after the deadline including weekends will not be assessed and will be given a mark of zero. d) Essay AdviceReferencing and bibliography There are different ways of referencing and making a bibliography. The important thing is that you use one, and that you use it consistently. Referencing and bibliography are essential parts of any essay and marks will be deducted if they are poor or absent. Your seminar teacher will be able to answer questions about this. For details about how to reference and make a bibliography, please consult the Student Handbook. e) Past Exam Paper There is no exam for t his course. 5. QM+ All module materials, including a copy of this module outline can be found on QMPlus.You should famili tog out yourself with QMPlus as soon as possible as further information concerning this module and office hours will be stick on there. To access QMPlus (on or off campus) go to http//qmplus. qmul. ac. uk/. You will require your QM computer access username and password. You should also use QMPlus to upload the electronic version your assignments. If you are having problems accessing/using QMPlus support and information can be found on the following website http//qmplus. qmul. ac. uk/mod/page/view. php? id=85646 Equally you can contact the School Office who may be able to offer assistance.NOTE If you have not completed your module registration properly your modules will not essay on QMPlus. It is up to you to ensure you complete registration and check QMplus regularly. 6. Plagiarism QM defines plagiarism as presenting somebody elses work as ones own disregardi ng of intention. Close paraphrasing, copying from the work of another(prenominal) person, including another student, using the ideas of another person, without proper acknowledgement or repeating work you have antecedently submitted without properly referencing yourself (known as self plagiarism) also constitute plagiarism. Regulations on Assessment Offences 8 Plagiarism is a serious offence and all students suspected of plagiarism will be subject to an investigation. If found guilty, penalties can include failure of the module to suspension or permanent withdrawal from Queen Mary. It is your responsibility to ensure that you understand plagiarism and how to avoid it. The recommendations under can help you in avoiding plagiarism. Be sure to record your sources when taking notes, and to cite these if you use ideas or, especially, quotations from the original source.Be particularly heedful if you are mooring and pasting information between two documents, and ensure that references are not lost(p) in the process. Be sensible in referencing ideas commonly held views that are primarily accepted do not always require acknowledgment to particular sources. However, it is best to be safe to avoid plagiarism. Be particularly careful with quotations and paraphrasing. Be aware that technology is now available at Queen Mary and elsewhere that can automatically detect plagiarism. Ensure that all works used are referenced appropriately in the text of your work and fully credited in your bibliography.If in doubt, ask for further guidance from your adviser or module tutor. See your student handbook for further advice. 9 7. LECTURE AND SEMINAR SCHEDULE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lecture Benthams Utilitarianism (JJ) lavatory Stuart hero sandwichs Liberalism (JJ) Kants Enlightenment (CWd) Hegel philosophical system, ethics and the state (CWd) The early Marx (MD) Marxs historical materialism (MD) submiting week no lectures or seminars The Analysis of capitalist economy (MD) gate to Nietzsche and the genealogy of piety (CW) Nietzsches genealogy and Bad moral sensation (CW) Nietzsches genealogy and Nihilism (CW) Conclusion and overview (MD)Seminar theme Bentham principles of morals and regulation seat Stuart mill about liberty Kant enlightenment and freedom Hegel and the state Marx emancipation, delirium and speciesbeing Marx history, class and revolution Marx capitalism and exploitation Nietzsches challenge what is morality? Nietzsche guilt, hard conscience, discipline and will to power Nietzsche nihilism and beyond Advice on preparing your research essay PLEASE NOTE THAT THERE bequeath BE A BRIEFING SESSION ON THE ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR all(a) STUDENTS ON THURSDAY 18 JANUARY AT 1PM IN ROOM FB113A 10 8. class period GUIDESEMESTER II TEXTS Core Texts Jeremy Bentham, An origination to the Principles of Morals and statute law (in Wootton). John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (in Wootton). Kant, An Answer to the Question What is Enlightenmen t? (in Wootton). G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the school of thought of skilful (Cambridge Cambridge University bear on, 1991). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels various texts, including excerpts from On the Jewish Question, The 1844 earthly concernuscripts, The German political orientation, The Communist Manifesto and dandy , collected in Wootton or Robert C. Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd var. (New York W.W. Norton, 1978). Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of righteousness, ed. Keith Ansell-Pearson, trans. Carol Diethe (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2007). As far as is possible, all of the first and second semester readings are collected in David Wootton (ed. ), young political fancy. practice sessions from Machiavelli to Nietzsche (Cambridge Hackett, 1996) (referred to below as Wootton you may also use the second edition from 2008). Students are strongly aware to purchase this text. Where texts are not in Wootton they will be posted on the QM+ site for t he course.Most of these texts can also be found on the internet, although the quality varies. Secondary texts An important note on second-string reading As last semester, the major emphasis of this course is on a close reading of primary texts. All the essential reading for seminars is from the core primary texts listed above. However you will need to consult junior-grade texts when provision and preparing your research essay (you can also, of course, use them for seminar preparation in addition to never instead of the primary reading if you have time).The thirdhand material listed below is organised into various categories general texts effectual companion texts aimed at students and usually covering several thinkers and one or more relevant themes. secondary texts on particular thinkers more in depth and specialise treatments of each thinker. additional thematic sources some suggestions for general reading on the themes for the research essay. 11 Your working bibliography for the research essay will plausibly contain material from each of these categories. We have provided a fairly capacious range of sources here.All should be available in the QM library (some are ease on order at the time of compiling this list). Useful secondary texts (* indicates particularly recommended) General secondary texts Barry, N. , Modern semipolitical system (4th ed, 2000) (chapters on authority, freedom and equality) Boucher, D. and P. Kelly (eds. ), policy-making Thinkers (capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 2003). *Edwards, A. and J. Townsend (eds. ), Interpreting Modern governmental philosophical system. From Machiavelli to Marx (Basingstoke Palgrave, 2002). ( efficacious chapters on Kant, Hegel, Mill and Marx) *Hampsher-Monk, I. A annals of Modern governmental plan (Oxford Blackwell, 1992) (chapters on Bentham, Mill, Hegel and Marx) Macpherson, C. B. , The political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1964). ( a criti que of liberalism) Matravers, D. et al. , see policy-making Philosophy. Machiavelli to Mill (London Routledge, 2001). *Pateman, C. , The Problem of policy-making Obligation (Cambridge Polity, 1985). Plamenatz, J. , Man and Society Political and societal Theories from Machiavelli to Marx (New York Longman, 1991). Ramsay, M. ,Whats Wrong with liberalism? (1997) Rorty, R. et al. (eds. ), Philosophy in History Essays in the Historiography of Philosophy (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1984). *Rosen, M. , and Wolff, J. , Political Thought (OPU, 1999) (a very recyclable reader of primary texts organised by themes including human nature, justification of political rule, and liberty, with short introductions to each theme) Wolff, J. , An Introduction to Political Philosophy (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996). By thinker Bentham, Mill and Utilitarianism David Bromwich and George Kateb (eds), John Stuart Mill On Liberty (New Haven Yale University Press, 2003).Wendy Donner, Th e Liberal Self John Stuart Mills Moral and Political Philosophy (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1991). Michael B. Gill, The British Moralists on Human Nature and the Birth of Secular Ethics (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2006). *John Gray, Mill on Liberty A Defence, 2nd edition (London Routledge, 1996). Joseph Hamburger, John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1999). *Ian Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought (Oxford Blackwell, 1992), chapters 7 and 8.Will Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy An Introduction, 2nd ed. (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2002), chapter 2. 12 John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA Belknap Press, 1971), 5, 26-30. Nancy Rosenblum, Benthams Theory of the Modern State (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1978). Alan Ryan, The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill, 2nd edition (Basingstoke Macmillan, 1978). Geoffrey Scarre, Utilitarianism (London Routledge, 1996). Philip Schofield, Uti lity and Democracy The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006)..John Skorupski, John Stuart Mill (London Routledge, 1989). John Skorupski (ed. ), The Cambridge fellow traveller to John Stuart Mill (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1998). J. J. C. Smart and Bernhard Williams, Utilitarianism for and against (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1973). John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, in On Liberty and Other Essays, ed. John Gray (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 131-201. Kant Useful Introductions Scruton, R. (2001) Kant A rattling Short Introduction, Oxford Oxford University Press Filkshuh, K. A. (2003 2nd ed. 2009) Kant in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. eds) Political Thinkers From Socrates to the Present, Oxford Oxford University Press, pp. 422-36 P. Guyer, The Cambridge companion to Kant P. Guyer The Cambridge Companion to Kant and modern philosophy (2006) H. Williams, Kants Political philosophy S. M. Shell, The Rights of reason A st udy of Kants Philosophy and Politics R. Beiner (ed), Kant and political Philosophy H. Arendt, Lectures on Kants Political Philosophy P. Riley, Will and Political authenticity L. Krieger, The German composition of Freedom G. A. Kelly, Idealism, Politics, and History Reiss, H. S. (ed. ) (1991) Kants Political belles-lettres, (2nd ed. (H. B. Nisbet trans. ) Cambridge Cambridge University Press to a fault recyclable for commentaries and discussion Allison, H. (2004 ed) Kants Transcendental Idealism An Interpretation and Defence, London and New Haven, CT Yale University Press Ameriks, K. (2000 ed) Kants Theory of Mind, Oxford Clarendon Press Beck, L. W. (1960) A Commentary on Kants limited review of Practical undercoat, Chicago Caygill, H. (1995) A Kant Dictionary, Oxford Blackwell Collins, A. (1999) Possible Experience Understanding Kants Critique of Pure Reason Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press Downie, R. S. and Telfer, E. 1969) Respect for Persons, Allen a nd Unwin Filkshuh, K. A. (2003 2nd ed. 2009) Kant in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. (ed. s) Political Thinkers From Socrates to the Present, Oxford Oxford University Press, pp. 422-36 Gardner, S. (1999) Routledge Philosophy template to Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason, (London Routledge) 13 Keller, P. (2001) Kant and the Demands of Self-Consciousness Cambridge Cambridge University Press Kitcher, P. (1982) Kant on Self-Identity, The philosophical surveil, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 41-72 Kitcher, P. (1999) Kant on Self-Consciousness, The Philosophical Review, vol. 08, no. 3, pp. 345-386 Korsgaard, C. (1996) Creating the Kingdom of Ends, Cambridge Cambridge University Press Sircello, G. (1968) Subjectivity and Justification in Aesthetic Judgements, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 3-12 Wolff, R. P. (ed. ) (1967) Kant A Collection of Critical Essays, Garden City, NY Doubleday Anchor a expedient collection Hegel Useful Introductions Singer, P. (1983) Hegel a ve ry short introduction, Oxford Oxford University Press Patten, A. (2003 2nd ed. 2009) Hegel in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. (ed. ) Political Thinkers from Socrates to the Present, Oxford Oxford University Press, pp. 437-58 Knowles, D. (2002) Hegel and the Philosophy of Right, New York Routledge An excellent text. Really useful for situating Hegels knowledge in context. Very clearly written. Also useful * Hampsher-Monk, I. A History of Modern Political Thought (Oxford Blackwell, 1992), * Patten, A. Hegels Idea of Freedom (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1999). * Wood, A. W. Editors Introduction, in G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right (CUP 1991) * Burns, A. G. W. F.Hegel, in Terrell Carver and James Martin (eds), Continental Wood, A. W. Hegels respectable Thought (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1990). Ameriks, K. (1985) Hegels Critique of Kants Theoretical Philosophy, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Vol. XLVI, no. I, pp. 1-35 Haddock, B. G. W. F Hegel Phil osophy of Right, in Murray Forsyth and (eds), The Political Classics A Guide to the Essential Texts from Hamilton to Mill, Vol. 2 (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1993). Beiser, F. (2005) Hegel, London Routledge Berenson, F. (1982) Hegel on Others and the Self, Philosophy, vol. 57, no. 19, pp,77-90 Taylor, C. Hegel and Modern Society (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1979). Taylor, C. Hegel, (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1977). Di Giovanni, G. and Harris, H. S. (eds) (1985) Between Kant and Hegel, Albany SUNY Press Harris, H. S. (1995) Hegel Phenomenology and System, capital of Indiana Hackett Houlgate, S. (1991) Freedom, Truth, History And introduction to Hegels Philosophy, London Routledge Ritter, J. Hegel and the French Revolution Essays on The Philosophy of Right (Cambridge MIT Press, 1984). Mccarney, J. Hegel on History, (London Routledge, 2000). Habermas, J.Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (Cambridge 14 Inwood, M. A Hegel Dictionary (Oxford Blackwell, 1992). Inwood, M. Hegel (London Routledge, 1983). Hardimon, M. O. Hegels kindly Philosophy The Project of Reconciliation (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1994). Mure, G. R. G. (1965) The Philosophy of Hegel, London Pinkard T. (2000) Hegel A Biography, Cambridge Cambridge University Press Useful introduction to Hegels life and times Raymond Plant, Hegel (London Routledge, 1999). Pippin, R. B. Idealism as Modernism Hegelian Variations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997).Avineri, S. Hegels Theory of the Modern State, New edition (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1974). Solomon, R. (1983) In the Spirit of Hegel, Oxford Oxford University Press Stewart, J. (2000) The Unity of Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit, Evanston, IL Northwestern University Press Taylor, C. (1975) Hegel Cambridge Cambridge University Press Villa, D. (2005) Hegel, Toqueville, and Individualism, The Review of Politics, Vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 659-86 Walsh, W. H. Hegelian Ethics (Basingstoke M acmillan, 1969). Westphal, K. (2003) Hegels Epistemology, Indianapolis Hackett Allen W.Wood, Hegels Ethical Thought (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1990). Pelczynski, Z. A. (ed. ), The State and Civil Society Studies in Hegels Political Philosophy (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1984). Pelczynski, Z. A. Hegels Political Philosophy Problems and Perspectives (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1971). Marx General texts S Avineri, Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx T Bottomore (ed), A Dictionary of red ink Thought T. Carver ed. , The Cambridge Companion to Marx T. Carver, Marxs Social Theory T. Carver, The Postmodern Marx *G Duncan, Marx and Mill M Evans, Karl Marx *I.Hampsher-Monk, Modern Political Thought Ch 10 J Lively &038 A Reeve (eds),Modern Political Theory Section VI *D McLellan,Karl Marx His Life and Thought *D McLellan,The Thought of Karl Marx thematic chapters in Part 2 are extremely useful J Maguire, Marxs Theory of Politics P. Osborne How to Read M arx *P Singer, Marx (a useful, short introduction) T Sowell, Marxism, Philosophy and Economics W Suching, Marx An Introduction 15 A Wood, Karl Marx The Young Marx and Alienation E Fromm, Marxs Concept of Man S Hook, From Hegel to Marx * D McLellan, Marx Before Marxism I Meszaros, Marxs Theory of Alienation B Ollman, Alienation D.McLennan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx Historical Materialism &038 Social Change A Carter, Marx A essential Critique T Carver, Marxs Social Theory G Cohen, Karl Marxs Theory of History A Defence M Rader, Marxs Interpretation of History Marx and Capitalism Marxist Economics A Brewer, A Guide to Marxs Capital B Fine, Theories of the Capitalist Economy A Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory E Mandel, The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx E Mandel, An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory T Sowell, Marxism, Philosophy and Economics Marx and political orientation E. Balibar, Marx and Philosophy T.Carver, Did Ideology fall with the Wa ll? Marx, Marxism, Post-Marxism in M. Freeden ed. , Reassessing Political Ideologies J Lorraine, Ideology and its revisions in Contemporary Marxism in N OSullivan ed. , The Structure of Modern Ideology J. McCarney, The Real World of Ideology M. Seliger, The Marxist Concept of Ideology R. Williams, Ideology in his Keywords Marx and Engels on justice, morality, human nature and exploitation Arneson,Whats wrong with exploitation? Ethics 91 (Jan 1981) A. Buchanan, Exploitation, Alienation and Injustice, Canadian Journal of Philosophy IX vol. Cohen, Nagel &038 Scanlon eds, Marx, Justice and History (esp. articles by Husain and Wood L. N. Geras,The Controversy about Marx and Justice, New Left Review 150 (1985) * N. Geras, Marx and Human Nature *S. Lukes, Marxism and moral philosophy *K. Neilson &038 S. Patton eds, Marx and holiness, Canadian Journal of Philosophy. Supplement to vol. VII (1981) A. Wood, Karl Marx, pt III A. Wood, The Marxist Critique of Justice, Philosophy and Public A ffairs vol. 1 no. 13 (1972) 16 Young, Justice and Capitalist Production. Marx and Bourgeois Ideology, Canadian Journal of Philosophy VIII no. 13 (1978) Nietzsche *K.Ansell-Pearson, The Perfect Nihilist. An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker *K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche contra Rousseau. A Study of Nietzsches Moral and Political Thought K. Ansell-Pearson, The exotic Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, Political Theory (Aug. 1986) *K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche on Autonomy and Morality, Political Studies (June 1991) K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche A Radical Challenge to Political Theory? Radical Philosophy 54 (1990) K. Ansell-Pearson, Who is the ubermensch? Time, Truth and Woman in Nietzsche Journal of the History of Ideas (April/June 1992) D. Conway, Nietzsche and the Political D.Conway, Nietzsches Dangerous Game S. J. Coleman, Nietzsche as Politique et Moraliste Journal of the History of Ideas vol. 27 (1966) G. Deleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy challenging but brilliant D. Allison ed. , The New Nietzsche excellent but challenging collection R. Hollingdale, Nietzsche The Man and his Philosophy a exonerated semi-biography by one of his main English translaters W. Kaufmann, Nietzsche. Philosopher, Psychologist, and Anti-Christ It was Kaufmann who first introduced Nietzsche to many communicative readers, via his translations, and he who was mainly responsible for re-presenting N. s an existential philosopher. His work is very companionable and convincing T. Strong, Nietzsche and the Politics of Transfiguration (2000) good on N and Politics M. Warren, Nietzsche and Political Thought (MIT 1988) M. Warren, The Politics of Nietzsches Philosophy Nihilism, Culture and Power, Political Studies (Sept. 1985) M. Warren, Nietzsche and Political Philosophy, Political Theory vol. 13 no. 2 (May 1985) K. Higgins, Nietzsches Zarathustra D. Owen, Nietzsche, Politics and Modernity D. Owen On the Genealogy of Morality (2007) P. Patton, Deleuze and the Political (Routledg e 2000) ch. not all on Nietzsche but some very useful comparative points R. Schacht ed. , Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality Essays on Nietzsches Genealogy of Morals B. Leiter Routledge Philosophy templet to Nietzsche on the Genealogy of Morality *M. Tanner, Nietzsche (1994) this is a very short and come-at-able introduction B. Magnus &038 K. Higgins ed. , The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche esp. articles by Magnus &038 Higgins, Strong and Nehamas *A. Nehamas, Nietzsche Life as Literature a very useful commentary R. Soloman &038 K. Higgins, adaptation Nietzsche E.Kennedy, Woman as Ubermensch Nietzsche, in Kennedy &038 Mendus eds, Women in Western Political Philosophy K. Oliver, Womanizing Nietzsche Philosophys Relation to the Feminine 17 P. Johnson, Nietzsche Reception Today, Radical Philosophy 80 (Nov/Dec 1996) useful overview of literature on Nietzsches politics D. Coole, The Politics of yarn Nietzsche, Political Studies 46 (June 1998) D. Coole, Politics and Negativity (Routledge 2000) ch. 3 S. Rosen, The Mask of Enlightenment. Nietzsches Zaarathustra very detailed exposition of a major text T. Sadler, Nietzsche. Truth and Redemption.Critique of the Postmodernist Nietzsche presents a mystical, existentialist Nietzsche, based on the early writings. Readable but controversial *F. Appel, Nietzsche Contra Democracy short and clear. Argues that Nietzsche is a thoroughgoing anti-democrat Additional thematic sources Many of the sources already listed by thinker have useful material on the themes for the extended essay. The sources below provide general background and additional material. As a general starting point Goodin and Pettit (eds) A companion to contemporary political philosophy (Blackwell, 1995) has useful chapters on most of these themes.Remember that texts from last term will also be relevant. Freedom Connolly, William, The Terms of Political Discourse (1983), chapter 4 Coole, Diana, Constructing and Deconstructing Liberty, Political Studies 411 (1993) reprinted in P. Dunleavy et al. (eds. ), British Political Science light-green, T. H. , Liberal Legislation and Freedom of get hold of, in Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligations and Other Writings Miller, David, Liberty Ramsay, Maureen Whats Wrong with liberalism? (1997) Ch 2 Riley, Jonathan, Liberty, in Catriona McKinnon (ed. , Issues in Political Theory Ryan, Alan (ed. ), The Idea of Freedom Swift, Adam, Political Philosophy, (Polity, 2001) part 2 Taylor, Charles, Whats Wrong with Negative Liberty? , in A. Ryan (ed. ), The Idea of Freedom and in D. Miller, Liberty. Human nature Davies, J. , Human nature in politics (Wiley, 1963) Forbes, I. , and Smith, S. , (eds) Politics and human nature (1983) Parekh, Bikhu, Rethinking Multiculturalism. MacMillan Basingtoke, 2000. Chapter 4. Pinker, S. , The blank slate the modern denial of human nature (2003) Rosen, M. , &038 Wolff, J. , Political Thought.Oxford Oxford UP, 1999, Chapter 1. Sayers, S. , Marxism and human nature (R outledge, 2007) 18 Morality K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche contra Rousseau. A Study of Nietzsches Moral and Political Thought Berki, N. , and Parekh, B. The morality of politics (1972) S. Lukes, Marxism and Morality Nuttall, J Moral Questions an introduction to ethics (Polity, 1993) Ch 13 Raz, J. , The morality of freedom (Clarendon, 1986) Raz, J. , Ethics in the public domain the morality of law and politics (OUP 1994) Equality Arneson . , RJ Equality in Goodin and Pettit Pojman, L. and R. Westmoreland (eds. , Equality Selected tuitions Rees, John, Equality (Pall Mall Press, 1971) Sen, A. , unlikeness Re-examined Sen, A. , Equality of What? , in Choice, Welfare and Measurement Tawney, R. H. , Equality, (1931) especially subdivision on Liberty and Equality Swift, Adam, Political Philosophy, esp Part 3 (Polity, 2001) Tawney RH Equality (Allen and Unwin, 1931) White S. , Equality (Polity, 2007) Political authority and legitimacy Dunn, J Political obligation in its historical context (CUP 1980) Flathman. , R Legitimacy in Goodin and Pettit (eds) A companion to contemporary political philosophy (Blackwell, 1995) Flathman, R. The practice of political authority (Univ of Chicago Press, 1980) Green , L. , The authority of the state (Clarendon 1988) Green TH Lectures on the principles of political obligation and other writings (CUP, 1986) Hampton, J. , Contract and consent, Ch 16 in Goodin and Pettit (eds) Lessnoff, M. , Social contract possible action (Blackwell, 1990) Morris ,C. , (ed) The social contract theorists critical essays on Hobbes Locke and Rousseau (1998) Pateman, C Participation and democratic theory (CUP, 1970) Pateman The problems of political obligation (CUP, 1985) Plamenatz, J. Consent, freedom and political obligation (OUP, 1968) Riley P. , Will and political legitimacy a critical exposition of social contract theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau Kant and Hegel ( Harvard University Press, 1982) Simmons, AJ. , Moral principles and political obligation s (Princeton Univ Press, 1979) Warrender, J The political philosophy of Hobbes his theory of obligation (Clarendon, 1957) Please note if locating material for a topic is difficult please ask your tutor for further suggestions. 19 10. SEMINAR formulation SCHEDULE Week 1 Introduction to the module.Benthams utilitarianism Essential practice Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, chapters I, IV, VII, XIV (in Wootton). Please bring your copy of the David Wootton rule book to class with you. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What does Bentham mean when he says that human being is governed by pain and pleasure? 2. What is the principle of utility? 3. wherefore does Bentham suppose that it can provide an objective standard by which our acts can be judged? What type of ethical theory is utilitarianism? What is its relationship to morality? . What, if any, are the political implications of utilitarianism? Week 2 John Stu art Mills Liberalism Essential Reading John Stuart Mill, On Liberty. Please bring your copy of the David Wootton al-Quran to class with you. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. Why does J. S. Mill believe that it is important to define the nature and limits of power? 2. What is J. S. Mills one very simple principle? How simple is it? And how can it be applied? 3. What justification does Mill provide for freedom of expression of opinion? How convincing do you find it? 4.Why does Mill believe that individuality is one of the elements of well-being? What does he mean when he says that human beings can become a dread and beautiful object of contemplation? Short in-class or post-class writing assess write some notes in answer to the following How does Mills understanding of freedom differ from or develop the ideas of the thinkers we examine last semester? Week 3 Kants Enlightenment Essential Reading 20 Immanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question What is Enlight enment? (Wootton pp. 522-526) Please bring your copy of the David Wootton volume with you to class.Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. How does Kant define Enlightenment? 2. How is enlightenment reach and what is its significance? 3. What are the obstacles to Enlightenment and how can they be overcome? 4. What is the relationship of Enlightenment to freedom? Week 4 Hegel and the State Essential Reading G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, (Cambridge, CUP, 1991) Part 3 Ethical life, Section 2, Civil Society, pp. 220-39) On QM+. The editors introduction by Allen Wood is also very useful. Please focus especially on the following variances 188 C. The Police and the raft 230, a.The Police 231-249 b. The Corporation (250-256). Section 3, The State 257-259. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What does Hegel understand by civil society (188)? 2. What is the role of the police (231-49)? 3. What is the relationship betwe en the family and civil society and the family and the state (231-256)? 4. How is the relationship between individual and civil society different from that of individual and the state (258)? 5. What does Hegel think the relationship is between freedom and the state (258)? Do not be disquieted if you find these questions difficult to answer when reading on your own.We will try to answer them together in the seminar. Week 5 The early Marx This is the first of three sessions on Marx. In order to understand the context of his ideas, his charge and political commitments, it will help you a great deal to do some general former reading on Marx from the list below over the next three weeks to support your reading of the primary texts. These are all come-at-able and clear introductions to Marx work. Class discussion will focus on the primary text, and you must bring a copy of the Wootton text with you each week and prepare some answers to the questions that will form the basis of discuss ion. 1 P. Singer, Marx. A Very Short Introduction (OUP) David McLellan, Karl Marx His life and thought Hampsher Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought (Blackwell), Chapter 10, Karl Marx, especially section on Early life and influences Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (Fourth Estate) (a lively short biography) The texts we will read this week are drawn from Marx early work. We will consider his critique of liberal rights and freedom, and then look in detail at his concepts of species-being and alienation, as expressed in the 1844 Manuscripts, often known as the Paris Manuscripts.Essential Reading i. Sections from On the Jewish Question Wootton pp 742-747 (first column and top 2 lines of second column) pp750 (Bottom first column According to Bauer .. )-754 (first half of column 1). ii. percentage to the Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right Wootton pp. 758-765. You need only read the section on pp. 764-5, where Marx derives the proletariat. iii. The 1844 Paris Manuscripts. Section on A lienated Labour in Wootton pp. 766-772. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. Why does Marx criticise liberalism?What has he to say about the rights of man? 2. What kind of emancipation, and from what, is Marx calling for here? 3. Why is the proletariat that will be the privileged agency of emancipation, harmonize to Marx? The Paris Manuscripts 4. What does Marx mean by alienation? What forms does it take? What is wrong with alienation? 5. Why is Marx critical of nonpublic property? What is its relation to alienation? 6. What does Marx mean by species-being? Do you think Marx has a theory of human nature here? 7. What does Marx mean when he claims that communism will even emancipate the human senses?Short in-class or post-class writing depute Write a a couple of(prenominal) bullet points in answer to one of the following How does Marxs view of human nature/essence differ from other thinkers youve studied? What do you think freedom might consist of for Marx ? Week 6 Historical Materialism and the dialectic Essential Reading i. The German Ideology Part 1 (Wootton pp775-787 up to as the history of communism proves) ii. Theses on Feuerbach (Wootton pp 773-4) iii. Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Woottton pp. 829-831) iv. Manifesto of the Communist Party split 1,2,4 (Wootton pp. 98-809 and pp. 814 -815). 22 Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What is materialism? 2. What makes Marx materialism historical? What drives history, according to Marx? 3. What is the relationship between forces and social relations of production, and between base and superstructure? What is a mode of production? 4. To what extent can human action shape history, according to Marx? How does class struggle fit in here? 5. What is ideology and what is its function? 6. How might a revolution come about, in Marx view?Short in class or post-class writing job Write a paragraph on how Marxs view of history challeng es the justifications for political authority advanced by other thinkers previously studied on the course. Week 7 Reading Week Week 8 The Analysis of Capitalism. Essential reading Wootton contains very little of Capital. Essential reading for this week is taken from Tucker The Marx Engels Reader (Norton, 1978) and can be found on the module QM+ site. i. The Coming Upheaval Tucker pp. 218-9 ii. Capital vol. 1 Pt I ch. 1 sect. 1 (Tucker pp. 302-8) sect. 2 (Tucker pp. 308-312) sect. 4 (Tucker pp. 319-29) ch. VI (pp. 336-343) Pt III ch.VII sect. 2 (pp. 351-361) ch. X sect. 2 (pp. 364-7) Ch. XIII, esp. sects 4,5 (pp. 392-403) Pt V ch. XVI (pp. 417-9) ch. XXV sect. 4 (pp. 429-431) Pt VIII (pp. 431-8) iii. Capital vol. 3 (pp. 439-442) iv. Crisis Theory Final section (pp. 459-65) Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What is Marxs theory of value? What do the terms use value, exchange value and overindulgence value mean and how do they relate to one another? 2. What is the duple character of labour? 3. What does Marx mean by the fetishism of commodities? 4. What are the contradictions and crises that Marx finds inherent in capitalism? . How does the proletariats exploitation occur? 6. What does the analysis of capitalism show us about the dialectical method? Is this still relevant as a way of reading the present? 7. How convincing do you find Marxs analysis of capitalism? Short in class or post-class writing task Write a paragraph summarising your understanding of Marx views on every a) morality or b) equality. 23 Week 9 Nietzsches Genealogy of Morality I Background to Nietzsche As a preparation for studying Nietzsche, you are advised to read K. Ansell-Pearson, The Perfect Nihilist. An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker (CUP 1994).D. Conway, Nietzsche and the Political (Routledge 1996), is a possible alternative but rather misleadingly reconstructive as an introductory text. Both of these books nevertheless offer accessible introd uctions to Nietzsche, with particular emphasis on his political dimension. A useful introductory essay to his writings can also be found in B. Magnus &038 K. Higgins, Nietzsches Works and their Themes in The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (CUP 1996), which can be found on Moodle Wootton (ed) contains only the first essay of the Genealogy of Morality so you will definitely need access to another copy too.Key readings not in Wootton, as well as helpful supplementary readings are available on QM+. The Cambridge University Press edition of the Genealogy is a very good one if you wish to buy a copy. In addition, it would be very useful if you were to look at Beyond Good and Evil. Essential Reading Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morality Preface Essay 1. Please focus especially on sections 2,7,10,11,12,13 and pay especial attention to section 13. On the Genealogy of Morality 1. How does Nietzsche distinguish between good/evil and good/bad?Explain how the latter gave way to the former and the t ype of persons which were classified under each heading. Which civilisations correspond to these categories? 2. What is the meaning and significance of ressentiment and the herd instinct? How do they differ from what is noble and the aristrocratic way of life? What do you think it means in this context to say yes to life? 3. What has been the fate of we modern Europeans, according to Nietzsche? 4. What is Nietzsche criticising in Essay 1, section 13? Nietzsche alludes here to the will to power what sense can you gain of it?Week 10 Nietzsches Genealogy of Morality II Essential Reading Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morality Essay 2, sections 1,2,3,7,11,12,16,17,18,24,25. Please pay especial attention to section 12, which we will read together in class. ii. Nietzsche, sections on nihilism from Will to Power available on QM+ Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What developments would have to occur before the human species is capable of entering a social contract? How does Nietzsche believe they were brought about? 24 2. In what sense can these developments be called nihilistic? 3.Explain what Nietzsche is proverb about his method and about will to power, in Essay 2, section 12. What does this add to his former analysis of punishment? 4. How does bad conscience arise? What are its consequences? 5. Who is the man of the future? What sort of redemption might he permit? Short in class or post-class writing task Write a short paragraph or a few bullet points in answer to one (or more) of the following questions. How does Nietzsches understanding of morality differ from that of other thinkers you have studied? How does he pose a challenge to thinking about morality as an indwelling part of human nature?How do you think Nietzsche understands freedom? How might freedom be tied to power? Can Nietzsches philosophy be reconciled with the concept of equality? Again, try to think about his difference/connection with other thinkers covered on the cours e. Week 11 Nietzsches Genealogy of Morality III Essential Readings i. Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morality Essay 3. Please focus on sections 1,8, 12 to end ii. Sections from thereof Spake Zarathustra (Wooton only contains first two essays so both of these will be available on QM+). Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1.What is the ascetic ideal? Why is it nihilistic? What role do philosophy and religion singly play in its promotion? 2. What do you think Nietzsche means by Life? How does the ascetic ideal both threaten and preserve it? 3. What is the relationship between knowledge and will? Why is everything a matter of perspective? 4. Why does Nietzsche call man the sick animal? 5. What is the herd instinct? How does it help modern individuals to cope with their anguish? 6. What examples does Nietzsche give of modern no-sayers? 7. What is the will to fairness? 8.What are the different meanings and symptoms that Nietzsche attributes to nihilism? 9. What is will to power? In what sense is it unconscious? How does it relate to the will to truth? 10. What role is played by Zarathustra and what is his relationship to the Dionysian? Why does Nietzsche suggest he has come too soon? Week 12 Research essay shop This weeks seminar will take the form of a collaborative workshop intended to help you in preparing and drafting your research essay. By the end of the session you should have a firm human action and essay structure in place, and be ready to begin writing (if you havent already). 5 Essential preparation using the feedback on your essay plan, begin sketching out the structure and content of your essay in more detail. What will be your final choice of theme and thinkers? What main differences/similarities have you set in the different thinkers treatment of your chosen theme? What will your final essay title be? What are the key primary and secondary texts you are using? You should be prepared to share your work and ideas with other stu dents and to offer constructive criticism of the work of others.IMPORTANT if for any reason you are unable to attend this workshop you MUST notify your tutor. 26 Appendix I MPT II Assessment PLEASE NOTE THAT THERE WILL BE A BRIEFING SESSION ON THE ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL STUDENTS ON THURSDAY 18 JANUARY AT 1PM IN ROOM FB113A Overview This semester, opinion consists of the following two pieces of work (i) an essay proposal of max 500 words, plus working bibliography and (ii) a research essay of max. 5000 words. There is no exam for this module. The research essay is designed to allow you to demonstrate both depth and breadth in your understanding of the semesters thinkers.It is also intended to help develop your skills of research design and independent research, in order to prepare you for the final year dissertation you will undertake next year. You are required to choose one from a selection of key themes, and to write an essay that compares and analyses the treatment of y our chosen theme by at least three of the thinkers covered in this module. The choice of thinkers will depend on the theme chosen and your own interests, with one stipulation at least two must be chosen from the Spring Semester (for Semester B associates all will be chosen from the Spring Semester).The themes from which to choose are 1) freedom 2) human nature 3) morality/ethics 4) equality 5) political authority and legitimacy. The requirement to submit a plan and working bibliography is intended to ensure that your choice of themes and thinkers is appropriate, to help you in framing your arguments, and to give you the opportunity to receive feedback on your work in progress from your seminar tutor. Your tutors will also incorporate short writing exercises into classes to help you link themes and thinkers as we progress through the course. Suggested exercises are included in this handbook.Your work will be assessed according to the general assessment criteria set out in the Politic s Student Handbook, however you should also pay careful attention to the particularized requirements of the tasks set out below. Coursework 1 Research essay plan and working bibliography Deadline 9am Thursday 7 March 2013 (Week 9) 27 Title MPT II research essay plan (also give proposed title of your research essay) Word distance Maximum 500 words not including bibliography. charge 10% of the overall course mark for MPT (15% for single semester associate students). labor Your 500 word plan must do the following harbour a working title for your essay (see end of this appendix for example title formats) Introduce your chosen theme and give a brief rationale for your choice of thinkers eagerness out an indicative structure for your essay Give an indication of the main similarities/differences between the thinkers in terms of your chosen theme, and/or indicate your overall argument Your working bibliography must Contain both primary texts and secondary sources Show that you have ide ntified sufficient relevant sources to assist in the research and writing of your essay Be properly and accurately presented, adhering to scholarly conventions MPT II Coursework 2 Research essay Deadline 9am Tuesday 23 April 2013 (revision week) Title Give the finalised title of your essay Word Length Maximum 5000 words including footnotes, excluding bibliography Weighting 50% of the overall module mark for MPT (85% for single semester associate students) Task The essay must Demonstrate that you have read and understood a range of primary and secondary texts studied in the module. Clearly show the relevance of your chosen thinkers to the theme selected Use analytical and critical skills to look for similarities/differences/complementarities between the thinkers 28Advance and sustain an overall argument Be properly and accurately presented and referenced, and contain a full bibliography Advice and guidance This research essay is not simply a longer version of the ordinary undergradu ate essay. It is more in the nature of a guided research project, and thus requires more of you. You contribute to the design of the topic or question, and you will need to be more independent in identifying and selecting relevant source material. The number of sources consulted will be greater than for the average 2000-3000 word essay. A longer piece of work requires you to develop your points and arguments in greater detail and depth, and it may also be more difficult to structure.Therefore please pay attention to the following suggestions, and ask your seminar tutor or course convenor for help if anything is unclear. Getting started Do NOT leave all the preparatory work for this essay until the week before you have to hand in your plan You need to be thinking from an early stage about what themes and thinkers interest you, and you should make notes, week by week, on how the different thinkers relate to the various themes. Some short exercises are included in this handbook to help you do this these may be done in class with help from your tutor, but should also be used after class to help you build up a set of thematic notes.Designing your topic It is crucial that your choice of theme and thinkers is coherent. Whatever theme you choose, you should start by iden