Unit 9 – Assignment 2 Complete the Assignment Specified in Sam.

Judy Vasquez HCMG745-Dr. Szostek March 27, 2013 Week 4-Assignment 4 You will explore these areas in a research based paper with at least four scholarly references. Be sure to summarize the weekly focus area, evaluate its effect on the future of healthcare and your practice, and conclude the aspects of quality and best practice involved. Due Day 7 For Week 4 Operations, develop an overall operations plan. TOPIC SUMMARY EFFECT ON HEALTHCARE FUTURE OVERALL QUALITY & BEST PRACTICE ISSUESWhat will be a typical patient experience? Patients are first seen with either our primary physician or orthopedists, many are experience joint, spinal, or neck issues from motor vehicles accidents or slip and falls, so they are usually in a lot of pain. Patients are prescribed pain medication if needed, and go through a series of tests performed by our physicians at our practice. Imaging is usually needed, so many must have MRI's and X rays performed and bring their CD's with them to be reviewed by our d octors.We always follow-up with each of our patients, and if they have surgery they have ore-surgical and post surgical consultations with our physicians. Describe patient flow from making the appointment to paying the bill. Many of our patients have been in car accidents or slip and falls, they are being referred to our surgeons, neurologists, primary physicians, and orthopedists from attorneys. If the pain is tolerable we do not recommend surgery, however when patients are in excruciating pain we have them see our neurologist to have various neurological tests performed.When we have a new patient referred to our office, we gather all of their demographics and insurance information, if they do not have insurance many times there is a liable party information involved.. First we call the attorney to get more information on the case, next we fax the attorney letters of protection. Some of our cases are funded so we fax the funding company the information on the case with liable party information such as limits. Next we schedule a surgery date for the patient if surgery is needed, and ax the surgery center the case and Letter Of Protection for patient to sign.Lastly, after the surgery we fax the paperwork for coding. How will you address regulatory compliance and risk management? From a medical practice standpoint complying with regulations not only decreases risk but can decrease mortality and costs. http://www. acponline. org/running_practice/practice_management/regulatory_compliance/How will continuous quality improvement and best practices be addressed? How are you going to develop and maintain an ethical, quality, and complaint practice for the long term? What regulatory bodies will you have to be concerned with on an ongoing basis?Medicare and Medicaid Audits are some of the major regulatory bodies our practice is constantly concerned with. Recovery Audit programs aim to decrease the likelihood of overpayment and underpayments of their beneficiaries. This means our practice must stay on top of proper coding and billing to avoid penalties associated with false claims. http://www. cms. gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Monitoring-Programs/recovery-audit-program/index. html? redirect=/rac/ What do you see as possible futuristic operations issues/policies? How will you create the optimal care environment?

Feminist View on Society

Feminist views on society; Feminists believe that society is male dominated (patriarchal). Feminists want women and men to have equal rights and powers as there is inequality between the two sexes. They look at society on a macro scale so the ideas are generalised to the whole of society. Feminists also believe that society is based on disagreement and conflict between the sexes as women believe they have been disadvantaged in society.Liberal feminists believe that men and women are becoming more equal in society, and that the inequality between men and women was caused due to sexist laws and the differences in socialisation. They believe that in order abolish feminism people need to be brought up differently and all sexist laws need to be gotten rid of. Marxist feminists believe that women are still unequal in society and that women are there to benefit capitalism by being unpaid housewives. They look on the family in a negative and critical way as they feel this is what caused thei r oppression along with capitalism.As they gave up work to take care of children and had housework responsibilities, thus becoming dependent on their husbands for money and everything else. Marxist feminists believe that in order for there to be equality between the sexes capitalism needs to be abolished and replaced with a communist society. Radical feminists also believe that men and women are still unequal in society and that men benefit more from family life. They believe that they are exploited by men and the patriarchal society. Some radical feminists believe that the solution is separation.Feminism does have some criticism’s for example they tend to overlook the fact that the general position of women in society has changed over time and this can only be explained in terms of economic and political changes in society. They also fail to understand that fundamentally society is unequal in its economic and social structure, and that equal opportunity is a fairly meaningle ss concept as society is divided by class and economic exploitation. Women as well as working class men are at an economic disadvantage.

Part 1 of the document Gaudium et Spes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Part 1 of the document Gaudium et Spes - Essay Example He perceives it to be Vatican II’s declaration of the Church’s readiness to conduct a meaningful dialogue with the world. Marbacher holds that the biblical and philosophical foundation for this dialogue is the relationship between man and God and the relationship between men. He then describes Gaudiun et Spes’ proposals regarding the nature of this dialogue and its consequence to the Church. Marbacher points out that Gaudiun et Spes is the concrete expression of the desire of Vatican Council II to â€Å"explain to everyone how it conceives the presence and activity of the Church in the world of today† (Marbacher, 1). The pastoral constitution emphasizes that â€Å"honest dialogue† in inextricably linked with the Church’s mission to spread the gospel throughout the entire world. Marbacher indicates that the foundation for the recommended dialogue between the Church and the world is based on three factors: (1) The dialogue between God and men which is amply documented in the Bible (2) The dialogue between men which goes back to the dialogues of Socrates. (3) The dialogue between the Church and men: this is perceived by the Church to be the â€Å"eloquent proof of its solidarity with, as well as its respect and love for the entire human family† (Marbacher, 3). Gaudium et Spes recognizes that dialogue is basis of human existence , the path to a â€Å"deeper level of interpersonal relationships† (Marbacher, 2) and the essential instrument in tackling problems of culture, labor relations and world trade The purpose of the dialogue is to express the Church’s solidarity with all men, including non-believers. It is a mark of respect â€Å"to those who think or act differently than we do in social, political and even religious matters† (M arbacher, 3). It is Vatican Council II’s practical acknowledgement of the liberty of conscience and diversity. Marcbacher attempts to reconcile the Church’s position on dialogue with

Are there any political implications for David Cameron, in regards to Essay

Are there any political implications for David Cameron, in regards to the current welfare reform policy - Essay Example His contributions to the current welfare policies are evident in the linking of benefits to wages, which have helped to cut inflation. David Cameron might have influenced the welfare reform policy when he implemented the twenty thousand dollars a year cap to help in housing benefits. Suggestions made by Cameron concerning young people not being entitled to benefits until they pay their contributions, might have contributed to the current welfare reform policies. However, there were some individuals who were against the opinion (Blond, 2009). Some of the reasons as to why this research topic is worth studying are evident from some of the claims that were made by Cameron concerning the welfare reform policy. For example, one of the claims by Cameron is evident from his statements when he claimed that claimants were supposed to undertake work in return for the benefits they had obtained within six months of unemployment. In his attempt to implement the welfare policy, Cameron also argue d that individuals, who were on the sickness benefit, were supposed find ways of improving their health to cut on the government’s expenditure. However, such proposals lead to debates from the public. There are also suggestions that were made by Cameron regarding the welfare reform policy that are thought to have had political implications. ... When he suggested that housing benefits be removed for persons under the age of 25 years. He also suggested that the issue of regional benefits be examined to fit the cost of living. It is thought that some of these proposals that were made by Cameron might have been a representation of his political shift in the management of the coalition. This is because sources indicate that Cameron did acknowledge that some of the proposals he made could not be delivered in concert with the liberal democrats. Cameron also stated that some of the proposals that were made had to wait for a conservative majority of the government until the year 2015. Cameron might have had political implications because he stated that his intentions were to set out the country for the next election (Daguerre, 2005). Research suggests that Cameron might have had political implications, because of reactions that were obtained from other politicians like Danny Alexander. Who claimed that to ensure the welfare reform p olicy is implemented, focus should be placed on the introduction of universal credit. This research question is worth studying because it is evident that arguments have been arising concerning the implementation of the welfare reform policy. Cameron insists that other politicians should not use compassion to measure the size of the welfare cheque. Young people aged 25 years also think that Cameron was against their development when he advocated for a stop in their housing benefits. Other politicians also argued that implementing the welfare reform policy by cutting the tax credits was wrong (Davies, 2007). Academic research carried out on the topic reveals that there were political implications of the welfare reform policy. This is because some of the

Objectives against Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Objectives against Marxism - Essay Example Marxism is an economic worldview that is based on the assumption that a few people control all the means of production and that they reap all the benefits at the expense of those who work for them. According to Marxists, the workers, or the proletariat, will at one time in the future come to overthrow the bourgeoisie, who own the means of production. The majority of those who claim to believe in this philosophy have yet to prove that it can actually work. The Marxist philosophy has come to be applied in many fields including politics, and in the latter, it has been manifested through communism and socialism. For several decades in the twentieth century, Marxism was a powerful force on the world scene but because of its unsustainable nature, it has come to be relegated to the background in the recent years. While there are powerful arguments for the Marxist philosophy, there are also more potent arguments against it and most of the latter arguments are because it is unsustainable. Mar xism became a powerful force in the early twentieth century because its philosophy came to attract those people who had long been oppressed by their rulers. The early Marxists were men who had been raised in poverty and when they found this new philosophy, they felt that they could use it to improve their lot in life (Evans 762). What these people failed to realize is that Marxism is an utopian, which cannot be realistically implemented. This can be seen through the utter failure of the political systems based on Marxism that have so far failed to survive. Marxist governments, for example, have made the life of their people far worse than they were previously. A current case to note is the ongoing one in North Korea where despite the fact that the government still officially declares itself to be communist; the behavior of its ruling elite is a far cry from the Marxist philosophy upon which it was founded. While the people of this country continue to suffer, the elite live a life of luxury that the former can only dream of. In fact, it can be said that the North Korean elite has turned its back on the ordinary people, many of whom not only live in poverty, but are also suffer from malnutrition. This is an absolute failure of Marxism in the modern world and perhaps this country and its people would do much better if it had a government that had a free market philosophy as well as being democratic. An obvious example is South Korea, which took an opposite direction compared to its northern neighbor and is now one of the most respected economies in the world. The failure of Marxism as a political philosophy can be said to have been revealed during the Cold War when the Soviet Union had to work far harder than the United States in order to be able to compete with the latter. The communist system of government practiced in the Soviet Union was based on Marxist philosophy, where the state controlled every aspect of its economy (Skousen 500). The people who worked in the Soviet economy were given very little incentive to be more productive. Everybody was given a quota to meet and once that was done, then no more was required of them. Workers were treated more like machinery than as people who were essential for the development of the economy. There were certain instances where people did not even bother to work because they had no incentive to do so. They were not given any opportunity to be innovative in their work places, and even though they worked extraordinarily hard, under extreme conditions, they were given very little pay. The soviet economy therefore, did not have enough opportunity to ensure that it was diversified enough to stay competitive on the global scene.

Description of a data data warehouse Assignment

Description of a data data warehouse - Assignment Example Data from different sources are converted into a common format in the data warehouse, therefore, each department will produce results that are in line with all the others. Furthermore, a data warehouse will be of great importance during data recovery. If a disaster occurs in the transactional database, it will be easy to restore all data, all if not all, that which is of importance, to the transactional database from the warehouse. This table is used to store information about different tables from the dimensions table, which include: CustomerKey, SupplierKey, DateKey, ProductKey, OrderID, Required_DateKey, UnitsOnOrder, ProductPrice, Shipped_DateKey, Quantity, TotalPrice, ShipperCompany, ShipperPhone, InsertAuditKey and UpdateAuditKey. The table contains key values of different dimensions tables. ProductKey, SupplierKey, DateKey, UnitPrice, UnitsInStock, UnitsOnOrder, ReorderLevel, UnitsSold, InsertAuditKey, UpdateAuditKey. The Product, Supplier, and Date keys are surrogate keys in the FactInvetory table. The InsertAuditKey and the UpdateAuditKey are foreign keys from the FactOrder table. The table contains information about keys, the SK_EmployeeKey, SK_TerritoryKey, and the SK_DateKey. All these are surrogate keys referencing EmployeeKey TerritoryKey and DateKey from different dimensions table. The table has CustomerKey as the surrogate key for the table, CustomerID as the business key. Other customer information stored in this table include: FirstName, LastName, TitleOfCourtesy, CompanyName, Address, City, Region, PostalCode, PostalCountry, Phone, Fax, Description, IsCurrent, EffectiveStartDate, AffectiveEndDate, InsertAuditKey, UpdateAuditKey. The other employee information stored in the dimension employee table include: LastName, FirstName, Title, TitleOfCourtesy, BirthDate, HireDate, Address, City, Region PostalCode, Country, HomePhone, Extenision, Notes. Other information stored in this table include: Day,

Research proposal 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research proposal 2 - Essay Example ch are more integrated to the local markets and carry the full responsibility for all marketing and research activities (Birnick and Cormack, 2010; Brandmeier, Hain, and Rupp, 2011; Al-Khazali, Darrat and Saad, 2006:1265). This paper develops a proposal for investigating of the main reasons for this shift in market entry strategies and what multinational companies expect from such shifts, as well as possible future shifts in market entry strategies. This will be done with a core focus on multinational pharmaceutical companies in the Gulf countries. The market entry modes of a firm in a foreign market have a significant role in determining whether such a company would be successful or not in such markets. Meyer, Estrin, Bhaumik and Peng (2009:62) classify the entry modes into three classes: acquisition, Greenfield and joint ventures. While joint venture enables integration of selected local resources hence facilitating a host partner business model, Greenfield projects and acquisitions often facilitate full ownership of the business (pp. 63). The key basis on what entry mode to be chosen is often based on the trade-off between control and risk. While on one hand, using a host partner minimizes risks of doing business due the lower cost of doing business and utilization of already existing local resources, such method also minimizes control lowering the ability of a multinational firm to make effective decisions or have access to important information (Arnold, 2003). There have been a number of studies which have evaluated the market entry modes in various emerging countries, with most focusing on Asian markets such as China and India (Johnson and Tellis, 2008; Mitra & Golder, 2002). Few have focused on market entry modes into the Gulf Countries (Birnick and Cormack, 2010; Brandmeier, Hain, and Rupp, 2011). The core challenges that have to be faced in setting shop within the Gulf countries has mainly been the regulation where foreign equity participation is

To what extent are current approaches to the management of workplace Essay

To what extent are current approaches to the management of workplace stress; work life integration and equal opportunities successful in addressing these issues - Essay Example Solving the real problems in the work field like hiring better employees, enhancing work motivation, increasing job satisfaction, promoting safety attitudes, reducing absenteeism and accidents form part of better organisational outlook towards better management. (Arnold, J.et al, 2005) Stress is purely related to the involvement of the self with the environment. Can a corpse have stress over its burial or cremation? Thus stress is concerned with the movements of life that lays its impact on perception differences. Many stimuli, psychological, social and even physical are stressors only if they are perceived as stressful. (Stephen M. et al, 2001) Work-life integration involves appropriate management adoption in the life styles and work fields. The factors destabilising the balance are prone to emerge both at work place and at the family environment. The role of a staff in striking the balance between work place stress and family level management is normally and abundantly dependant upon the situations at the work place environment. A husband’s inappropriate fury over paltry family issues is to be borne by the family members or wife giving importance to the work place stress of the bread winner. Absence of such endurance at family level causes certainly an imbalance in the minds of the working people causing unwanted results both at work place and family. Imbalance at work place has its impact on the outcome of his/her job, which is production capability. Equal opportunity is the best tool for an employer to bring as much work force in to his umbrella as possible to be considerably productive. The same is also the tool for the employees to get their fundamental rights fulfilled, which simultaneously pave way for trade unions to become the middle force to get the staff welfare profusely maintained. As this factor permeates between both employees and employers, attainment of perfect equilibrium is often elusive. The part of employers

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln - Essay Example The author begins the article by providing a brief discussion of some of the activities that were undertaken by the Republicans in the political year of 1992. Specifically, the article describes the origin of Abraham Lincoln from politics and how certain leaders who came after him made efforts to emulate his leadership styles. The author uses examples of leaders such as Ronald Reagan and George Bush Senior and how their contributed towards the development of the legacy of Abraham Lincoln. He uses examples of republican leaders and how their created emphasis of good aspects of Lincoln’s leadership styles hence contributing to the development of his political legacy. The major strength of the article is based on the fact that the information is properly presented in a comprehensive language, making it easy to understand. However, its major weakness lies on the fact that the author has not provided the source of his/her information. The author of this article focused on the aftermath of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The first page of the article indicates a picture of a group of people that appears to be in a meeting. The introductory paragraph of the article basically describes accusations that occur with regard to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Moreover, the author has applied pictures to create more insight of the events that unfolded after the assassination. These pictures present scenarios of past politicians, majorly after Lincoln’s death. The use of pictures in the article is its major strength. It also appears that some extent, there is excessive use pictures in the article hence presenting limited written information. This could be its major weakness. This article presents a story published on 15th March, 1979; the author focuses on the assassination of Lincoln and the events that unfolded as the investigation related to the assassination.

Chartered Portfolio Manager- Week 8 Discussion Post and Student Essay

Chartered Portfolio Manager- Week 8 Discussion Post and Student Responses - Essay Example This is to help standardize the type and content of messages posted by financial firms on social media and to eliminate fraudulent content (Flynn, 2012). Among the rules to be followed include ensuring that there is explanation of how a firm is using social media to advertise, ensuring that there is a record of all communication on social media, and ensuring that a firm is accountable for all messages posted on social media by their employees (Bahadur et al., 2012). After highlighting the importance of social media to individuals and firms, Roland should also add the limits that should be in place to ensure safe and efficient advertising of financial firms. I agree to the rest of the post where Roland analyses the advantages and functions of FINRA to businesses and their clients but I think that he should consider adding the risks of financial advisors to firms. When Kyrette explains what social media advertising is all about, he should also consider stating the risks associated with financial advisors. In addition to this, he should also consider adding information on what FINRA stands for, and its functions in advertising when he gives advantages of social media to professionals. Although Sherard’s gives a clear discussion on who financial advisors are and their main functions in a financial firm, Sherard should consider adding the rules and regulations put in place by FINRA. After highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of financial advertisers to firms, Sherard should give an opinion whether he recommends financial advisors to firms or

Bald Eagle, Great white shark and Siberian Tiger Essay Example for Free

Bald Eagle, Great white shark and Siberian Tiger Essay There are three types of animals around the world known to be endangered species. We can help and protect them by helping the people aware of this animal, so they will be able to know the importance of keeping the animals to live longer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bald Eagle is not really bald; it actually has white feathers on its head, neck, and tail. Bald is a derivation of balde, and Old English word meaning white. The eagle was names for its white feathers instead for a lack of feathers. Bald eagles may use the same nest year after year, adding more twigs and braches each time. One nest found that had been used for 34 years and weighted over two tons. The bald eagle can fly 20 to 40 mph in normal flight and can dive at speeds over 100mph. Bald eagles can actually swim. They use an overhand movement of wings that is very much like the butterfly stroke. More than 80% of bald eagle population in the southeastern United States is concentrated within the state of Florida.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The great white shark is a streamlined swimmer and a ferocious predator with 3,000 teeth at any one time. This much-feared fish has a torpedo-shaped body, a pointed snout, a crescent-shaped tail, 5 gill slits, no fin spines, an anal fin, and 3 main fins: the dorsal fin (on its back) and 2 pectoral fins (on its sides). When the shark is near the surface, the dorsal fin and part of the tail are visible above the water.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Siberian Tiger (also called the Amur Tiger) is the largest member of the cat family. These huge, territorial cats are found in the Amur-Ussuri region of Siberia (in northeastern Russia) and in northern China and Korea. They live in mountainous conifer forests at elevations up to 3,000 feet. There are only about 400 of these magnificent tigers left in the wild; they are an endangered species. Male Siberian tigers are up to 10 3/4 ft (3.3 m) long and weigh up to 660 pounds (300 kg); females are up to 8 1/2 ft (2.6 m) long and weigh up to 370 pounds (165 kg). The fur is usually pale orange-brown with black stripes; they are paler than most other tigers. The fur on the belly and chest is white with black stripes. There is a white ruff around the neck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the United States, Bald Eagle is a symbol of justice, strength, and fairness. Great white shark Carcharodon carcharias, also known as white pointer, white shark, or white death, is an exceptionally large lamniform shark found in coastal surface waters in all major oceans. Siberian Tigers are the biggest cats in the world. They live in steamy hot jungles as well as icy cold forest habitats. There are five different kinds or subspecies of tiger alive in the world today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, these are three animals are considered as the most endangered animals around the world. They also seek for love and care. As we people of god, our responsibility is to protect them out from danger.   Let them live with peace and harmony. References: Endangered Animals (1996) Bald Eagle. World Wide Web:   http://www.worldkids.net/eac/eagle.html 5k Enchanted Learning Software. Great White Shark. World Wide Web: http://enchantedlearning.com/subjects/sharks/species/Greatwhite.shtml 25k Enchanted Learning.com. Siberian Tiger. World Wide Web: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/tiger/Siberiatigerprintout.shtml 9k

Fatherhood Essay Example for Free

Fatherhood Essay Homer Simpson from The Simpsons, Peter Griffin from Family Guy, and Jerry from Wizards of Waverly Place, are just a few of the many youth television shows that present a dangerously distorted male figure. Or The Sweet Life of Zack and Cody, who run rampant throughout the hotel that they live in with their mother who was left to raise her children due to a dead beat father who left the family when the kids were young. Whether there is a Dad or there is not a Dad; they are presented as weak, childish, and brainless. These men are, at best, the whipping post for the strong-willed mothers who apparently have the real power and are the ones that essentially keep the home and the children from falling apart. It is clear that the role of Fatherhood has been distorted and watered down in the current century. Because of this, many modern day fathers fail to accomplish their duties towards their family, duties defined in Scripture, not because they do not want to but because they do not understand how crucial they are to their family, because society tells them that they are not really needed, and simply that they do not even know where to start. The task of being a father is of critical importance, and it has never been more so than in this day and age. A child’s relationship with Dad is a decisive factor in that young man or woman’s health, development and happiness. Stephen K. Baskerville, an American scholar of political science as well as a leading authority on divorce, child custody and the family court system, wrote, â€Å"A generation of fatherhood advocates has emerged who insist that fatherlessness is the most critical social issue of our time. In Fatherless America, David Blankenhorn calls the crisis of fatherless children â€Å"the most destructive trend of our generation† (1995, 1). Their case is powerful. Virtually every major social pathology issue has been linked to fatherless children: violent crime, drug and alcohol abuse, truancy, unwed pregnancy, suicide, and psychological disorders—all correlating more strongly with fatherlessness than with any other single factor, surpassing even race and poverty. The majority of prisoners, juvenile detention inmates, high school dropouts, pregnant teenagers, adolescent murderers, and rapists come from fatherless homes (Daniels 1998, passim). Children from affluent but broken families are much more likely to get into trouble than children from poor but intact ones, and white children from separated families are at higher risk than black children in intact families (McLanahan 1998, 88). The connection between single-parent households and crime is so strong that controlling for this factor erases the relationship between race and crime as well as between low income and crime (Kamarck and Galston 1990, 14)† (Baskerville, independent. org). These statistics bring forth something vastly different than what is seen in pop culture’s most-watched TV shows. Despite these staggering statistics, no attempt is being made to change this very prominent issue that American society faces every day. Instead of the government focusing on getting rid of poverty through public school systems, go to the true source of the issue which would involve eliminating one-parent families and teaching every young man the importance of fatherhood and should be preparing them to step up when that day comes. History also plays a key role in the downfall of Male leaders in the home. The Industrial Revolution came upon the world with great force. Women began entering the workforce and started becoming more and more independent. Feminists rose from this age and helped fuel the beginnings of what we see today: that being, more and more single family homes, often being run by the mother and not the father. Women think they can do it on their own but this is not always the case. There are some women out there who have been able to raise successful children but this is not the case for many other single family homes. The bible is very vocal when it comes to fatherhood. The concept of fatherhood begins with the one who created the universe. Derek Prince, an international Bible teacher, says that â€Å"The fact behind all other facts is that God created the universe as father. He left his imprint on every aspect of creation† (Prince, 57). God is indeed, the perfect father whom every earthly father should model themselves after and give their all to be the best father they can be. Proverbs 22:6-11 reads, â€Å"Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it† (English Standard Version). The father is the initial instructor of his children and therefore sets the path for how they are going to live their lives. Ephesians 6:4 is a summary of instruction to parents, represented by the father, in a negative and positive way which states, â€Å"and now a word to you fathers, don’t make your children angry by the way you treat them. Rather, bring them up with the discipline and instruction approved by the Lord† (English Standard Version). This is where the issue of discipline comes into play. The father should not discipline with the intention of frustrating their child or making their child feel less of themselves. Wanda L. Ball, an author, speaker, and teacher, writes, â€Å"A wise parent wants to make obedience desirable through love and gentleness. Christian discipline is needed to prevent children from growing up without reverence for God, respect for their parent’s authority, knowledge of Christian standards and self-control. 2 Timothy 3:16-17 says, ‘All scripture is given of God and is profitable for teaching, reproving, correcting and instruction in righteousness; that the man (or woman) of God may be completely equipped for all good works. ’ This is what the Bible says about being a father† (Ball-publications. com). With this being said, a solid framework for how a father should be is established. The tricky part is how to carry this all out. God is indeed the model father. As Josh McDowell writes in his book, The Father Connection, â€Å"He is a tender Father who invites us to address Him as ‘Abba’†¦He is a listening Father who bids us to approach him boldly as ‘our father in heaven’ He is a loving Father who freely and forcefully demonstrated his Father-love at the baptism of his Son, Jesus with a voice like thunder that said, ‘This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased. ’ He is a giving Father who gives good gifts to his children. He is the Father of all, the very definition of father-hood, the fount of everything that is good, moral, and worthy of imitation† (McDowell, 18). If this is not how a father would want to be then something is very wrong. Every man should be humble enough to model themselves to be like their Heavenly father who gave them the opportunity to even be a father. God is a wondrous God who is more to us than just a Creator. What follows will lay out all that a father should be towards his son, his daughter, as well as his wife. These will all be discussed separately and then related back to each-other in the end. For his son, a father must create an early bond with him, must be able to discipline his son, and lastly, must be a consistent example for his son in every aspect of life. For his daughter, a father must recognize that he is the first man in her life, must constantly encourage her, must exercise leadership and display perseverance, and needs to be there for his daughter by comforting her, being compassionate, and by supporting her. Lastly for a father, is his relationship with his wife, who is the source of his father-hood. How a husband treats his wife is crucial in raising children. A husband must be able to take input from his wife and be able to make decisions from that input, must love and cherish his wife at all time, and must also be able to give praise to his wife. A father’s children watch him constantly and one of the main ways children learn from their father is by observing how he treats their mother. The modern day man fails to accomplish his duties towards his son: to teach and guide him towards manhood. Fatherhood is not something to fool around with and take lightly. A father has the responsibility of properly raising members of the future generations. The job of a father is not just doing well in business but rather raising their son. A father’s main goal in raising his son should be to train the young boy throughout his early life how to be a man and to teach him what it means to be a man. Fatherhood is complex and requires hard work and commitment, as well as love. To start, manhood needs to be defined. Rick Johnson, a best-selling Christian author and speaker focusing on parenting, marriage, fathering, personal growth, character development, and masculinity, says that â€Å"authentic manhood is living for a cause bigger than yourself† (Johnson, 18-19). This means that one should not simply live for themselves but live for the benefit of others. A man needs to be a servant to others which includes, first and foremost, his wife and children; to be the protector and leader. When it comes to the son, he needs to be able to look at his father in a similar way to the way he looks at superheroes like superman and spider-man. In other words, his father needs to be able to look at his father and say, â€Å"I want to be like my dad when I grow up. † For a father, this type of respect must be earned. Relationships are hard work and take effort and care. As it says in Proverbs, â€Å"train a child in the way he should go, and when he is older he will not turn from it† (English Standard Version, Proverbs 22:6). A father needs to focus on his character because that is the best way to gain a young boys respect. A father could be courageous, compassionate, loving, strong, understanding, and so on. A son will notice this and seek to emulate it. To start out, a father must begin to bond with his son in his sons early years. This is much harder to do now than it did in the past. Before the Industrial Revolution, the father and son were with each other almost every moment of every day. The father would work the land at home and would train his son at an early age to do the same. Fathers did not have to take time out of there day to have â€Å"bonding time† with their son. It just happened because that’s how the times were (Johnson). Unfortunately, after the Industrial revolution, the men started to work outside of the home for hours and hours on end and were not home nearly as much. In current culture it becomes more and more difficult for fathers to bond with their sons in the early stages of life. Cheryl Erwin, a licensed marriage and family therapist who provides parent coaching, parent education, and professional training to help you develop both wisdom and skill wrote, â€Å"A fathers role in the raising of his children has changed dramatically over the past century or two. In generations past, sons expected to follow in their fathers footsteps, apprenticing in their work and in their approach to life. During the nineteenth century, however, fathers began to go out to work, and the measure of a mans success slowly changed. Rather than the closeness of his family and the strength of his family business, a mans worth could be measured in his income, the value of his house, and the size of his car. Parenting became womens work; fathers were just too busy earning a living. And generations of boys grew up hungering for closeness with a father they barely knew, someone who came home only to eat dinner, look over omework, hear about the days misbehavior, and watch a little television† (Erwin, life. familyeducation. com) Sons yearn for their fathers. In Proverbs it says, â€Å"The glory of sons is their fathers† (English Standard Version, Proverbs 17:6). Just as God’s people seek to worship him, a son seeks to worship his father. It’s clear that young boys seek to be like their father. They try to walk the same way, talk the same way, dress the same way. It is a part of our genetic makeup. Rick Johnson writes, â€Å"Our sons’ eyes are watching us constantly. They observe how we react to the many justices and injustices of the world† (Johnson, 20). They need to see a man’s ability to recover from mistakes and stay strong in tough times. A boy relies on his father to be there through all of what life brings forth. Next, a father needs to be able to discipline his son. Many men misunderstand the concept of discipline. They think that discipline should be used to instill fear in their children for what he might do to punish them for their wrongful actions. This however, is exactly the opposite of what disciplining is. Discipline is to be done in love and not anger. One does not discipline because he is angry that his child has overstepped his bounds. Instead, he should be committed to teaching the child what to do and what not to do; to know what is right and what is wrong. Dr. Lawrence Balter, a child psychologist and parenting expert wrote that â€Å"discipline is not just punishing, forcing compliance or stamping out bad behavior. Rather, discipline has to do with teaching proper deportment, caring about others, controlling oneself and putting someone else’ wishes before one’s own when the occasion calls for it. When disciplining, the focus needs to be on teaching and not on punishing. Over time, as a father bonds with his son and develops a deeper relationship with him, the son should not have to fear the wrath that is about to come but should instead fear disappointing him due to the deep respect the son has for the father. Lastly, possibly the most difficult of all, is the father being a constant example to his son. In order for the son to accept things that he is corrected about, he must see that the Father does those things that he is constantly instilling in his son. The most important of which is being respectful to everyone. In order for one’s son to respect him, they must see that the father respects everyone in all situations including his son. In order to get respect you must first give it . Respect is earned. In relation to having respect for others, the father must display self-respect. A boy must see confidence in his father. The father must know that no matter what people think of him his son will always think highly of him. This goes a long with the fact that boys yearn for their fathers love. Included in being an example is having respect for women. Chivalry, something that has been around for hundreds of years is becoming less and less implemented in young men by their fathers. One of the simplest ways a father can do this is by opening doors for women. This shows a young boy that we are willing servants of women in that we do the â€Å"dirty work. † A woman is delicate and should be treated as such. Chivalry is only the half of it. A father needs to be an example for his son by how he treats his wife. The bible calls men to be considerate of their wives and to treat them with respect. If a son sees his father disrespecting his wife he will more than likely treat women in a similar fashion and vice versa. In the end, the father plays the most crucial role in the development of a young man. It is easy for a man to become distracted with all of the things life throws at him and forget about how important he is to his son. A man needs to set his priorities straight from the moment he gets married and has children. In all things, God is first, family is second, and work is third. A man needs to, above all else, instill biblical principles in the family life. He needs to be the anchor of the family in Christ. He is the natural leader and needs to act as such. His job is to raise a son with the same values. Moving on to daughters, Meg Meeker, a Pediatrician, wrote, â€Å"Fathers, more than anyone else, set the course for a daughter’s life† (Meeker 1). Whether a father wants to believe it, he is the most important person in a young girl’s life, not the mother. The problem today is that fathers assume they do not have much of an influence on their daughters. A father automatically thinks that the mother has the bigger responsibility over the daughter because she can better relate to a girl’s problems. In media, it is very common for the father to cause their daughter to cry over an unimportant issue and then would send the mother after her to comfort her. Unfortunately, this is how it is in many homes. Fathers are becoming more and more distant from their daughters and are unaware of how detrimental this can be as they become more and more uninvolved in their daughter’s life. The modern day father fails to accomplish his duties towards his daughter and to realize how important he is to his daughter, not because he does not want to but because he does not know what to do or even where to start. A father needs to recognize that he is the first man in his daughter’s life, needs to be encouraging of his daughter, must display leadership and perseverance, and must be able to be compassionate and understanding towards his daughter’s emotions and problems.

The Analysis And Design Of Work

The Analysis And Design Of Work The first section of this chapter discusses the analysis of work process within a given work unit. Having provided an understanding of the broader context of jobs, the chapter discusses the need for and usefulness of both job analysis and the techniques for performing job analysis. Finally, the chapter concludes by presenting the various approaches to job design to provide managers with an understanding of the costs and benefits of emphasizing different characteristics of jobs when designing or redesigning them. Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: Analyze a work-flow process, identifying the output, activities, and inputs in the production of a product or service. Understand the importance of job analysis in strategic and human resource management. Choose the right job-analysis technique for a variety of human resource activities. Identify the tasks performed and the skills required in a given job. Understand the different approaches to job design. Comprehend the trade-offs among the various approaches to designing jobs. Extended Chapter Outline Note: Key terms appear in boldface and are listed in the Chapter Vocabulary section. Opening Vignette: Teams Levis: A Poor Fit? Like many corporations attempted in the 1990s, Levis tried to mimic the success of Chryslers team-based organizational structure. Unfortunately, the team-based structure did not materialize at Levis. Efficiency of pants produced dropped 30% as a result of the team structure, as well as labor and overhead increasing by 25%. Overall, the cost of production increased from $5 a pair of pants to $7.50. Introduction-Designing the work to be performed is one of the first tasks of strategy implementation discussed in Chapter 2. The way a firm competes can have a profound impact on the way tasks are organized, and the way the tasks are designed may provide the company with a competitive advantage. Also, the way jobs are designed can, in fact, affect company work-unit performance. There is no one best way to design jobs and structure organizations. The organization needs to create a fit between its environment, its competitive strategy and philosophy on the one hand, with its job and organizational design on the other. Job analysis and job design are interrelated. Work-Flow Analysis and Organizational Structure (Work-flow analysis, analyzing work outputs, processes, and inputs; see text Figure 4.1 and TM 4.1) Work-flow Analysis The Work-flow process is useful because it provides a means for the managers to understand all the tasks required to produce a high-quality product as well as the skills necessary to perform those tasks. Analyzing Work Outputs Work outputs are products of, or services provided by, a work unit. Example: A work output for GM is a new Buick off the assembly line; a work output for Gordon Landscaping Company is a mowed lawn. Once outputs have been identified, it is necessary to specify the standards for the quantity or quality of these outputs. ProMES (productivity measurement and evaluation system) is a productivity improvement technique that focuses attention on both identifying work-unit outputs and specifying levels of required performance for different levels of efficiency. Analyzing Work Processes Work processes are the activities that members of a work unit engage in to produce a given output. Example: Work processes needed to produce an automobile include assembly, painting, and so forth. Every process consists of operating procedures that specify how things should be done to develop the product or service. Analyzing Work Inputs Work inputs are the ingredients that go into the work processes and can be broken down into three categories (text Figure 4.1). Raw materials consist of the materials, data, and informa ­tion that will be converted into the work units products. Equipment refers to the technology, machinery, facilities, and systems necessary to transform the raw materials into the product or service. Example: Raw materials for the assembly of automobiles include various parts (steering wheels, tires, door panels, etc.) and equipment used, including robotic welding machines. Human skills refer to the workers knowledge, skills, abil ­ities, and efforts necessary to perform the tasks. Organizational structure provides a cross-sectional overview of the static relationship between individuals and units that create the outputs. Two of the most important dimensions of structure are centralization and departmentation. Centralization is the degree to which authority resides at the top of the organizational chart. Departmentation refers to the degree to which work units are grouped based upon functional similarity of work flow. Two types of Structural Configuration of organizational structure tend to emerge in organizations. A functional structure (See Fig. 4.2 and TM 4.2 in text) employs a functional departmentation scheme with high levels of centralization. Functional structures are very efficient. However, they tend to be inflexible and insensitive to subtle differences across products, regions, or clients A divisional structure (see Figures 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 in the text and TM 4.3, 4.4, 4.5) employs a workflow departmentation and low levels of centralization. Because of their work-flow focus, their semi-autonomous nature, and their proximity to a homogenous consumer base, divisional structures tend to be more flexible and innovative. However, they are not very efficient. Structure and the Nature of Jobs Jobs in functional structure need to be narrow, highly specialized, and people need to work alone. Jobs in divisional structures need to be more holistic, team-based structure with greater decision making authority. Job analysis is the process of getting detailed information about jobs. The Importance of Job Analysis to HR Managers Job analysis has been called the building block of everything that the personnel department does. Some of the human resource activities that use jobà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœanalysis information include selection, performance appraisal, training and development, job evaluation, career planning, work redesign, and human resource planning. The Importance of Job Analysis to Line Managers Managers must have detailed information about all the jobs in their work group to understand the work-flow process. Managers need to understand the job requirements to make intelligent hiring decisions. Since the manager is responsible for ensuring that each indi ­vidual is performing his or her job satisfactorily, the manager must clearly understand the tasks required in every job. Job Analysis Information A job description is a list of the tasks, duties, and responsibili ­ties (TDRs) that the job entails. (text Table 4.1) A related readings from Dushkins Annual Editions: Human Resources 99/00:  ¨HRs role will change. The question is how. HR 2008 by Floyd Kemske A job specification is a list of the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that an individual must have to perform the job. Example: Job specifications for an employment assistant would include: (1) a fourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœyear college degree with major course work in human resources or an equivalent combination of experi ­ence, education, and training; (2) considerable knowledge of principles of employee selection and assignment of personnel; (3) the ability to express ideas clearly in written and oral communication; (4) the ability to independently plan and orga ­nize ones own activities. Competing by Meeting Stakeholders Needs: Staying Alive at the Graveyard Human beings are not nocturnal animals, therefore, working at night is not a natural activity for most people. Evidence suggests that people working the graveyard shift are more likely to develop problems like fatigue, depression, obesity, and also have been found to be more accident-prone and have higher absenteeism and turnover. Fortunately, research shows that people with certain characteristics, like being night owls and who exercise regularly, can respond easier to this type of disruptive behavior. Sources of Job Analysis Information In general, it will be useful for the manager to go to the job incumbents to get the most accurate information about what is actually done on the job. However, the incumbents might exaggerate their job duties. Managers should ask others familiar with the job, such as the supervisor, to look over any information received from the incumbents. Research has shown greater agreement between supervisors and subordinates when rating general job duties than when rating specific tasks. Also, incumbents may be the best source for accurate estimates of time spent on job tasks, but supervisors may be more accurate on the importance of job duties. Research is somewhat inconclusive about the relationship between the performance level of the job analyst and the job-analysis information he or she provides, but recent research has shown that effective and ineffective managers tend to give the same job-analysis ratings despite their performance level. Because of inconclusive research results on the influence of demographic and experience differences, it is best to take steps to ensure that the incumbent group responsible for job-analysis information represents a variety of gender, racial, and experience level categories. Competing Through High Performance Work Systems: Telework With the new millennium approaching, the trend of separating work life from home life may be a thing of the past. With the costs of office space combined with the drastically reduced prices of portable electronic computing and communication devices, a new trend may develop called telework (doing ones work away from a centrally located office). Telework programs can save up to $8000 per employee annually. The number of teleworkers is on the rise. Telework programs have advantages such as a productivity gain caused in part by flexibility that allowed people to work at their peak efficiency and partly by eliminating distractions. Telework programs also have some disadvantages such as employees feeling a hindrance of teamwork and some felt it was harder to balance home and work. Job Analysis Methods Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) The PAQ is a standardized jobà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœanalysis questionnaire containing 194 items representing work behaviors, work conditions, or job characteristics that are generalizable across a wide variety of jobs. The 194 items are organized into six sections, and the job analyst is asked to rate each item on six scales. A computer program generates a job report based on the ratings. Research has indicated that the PAQ measures 13 overall dimensions (text Table 4.2). Knowing the dimension scores provides some guidance regarding the types of abilities that are necessary to perform the job. One of the main problems with the PAQ is that it requires the reading level of a college graduate to complete the ques ­tionnaire. Task Analysis Inventory The task analysis inventory method refers to several different methods that focus on analyzing all the tasks performed in the focal job. It is not uncommon to have over 100 tasks for a job. The task inventoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœCODAP method has SMEs generate a list of tasks and then the SMEs rate each task on various dimensions such as the time spent on the task, frequency of task performance, relative importance of task, and relative difficulty of the task. The task analysis method is different from the CODAP method since once the task list is developed, the SMEs are asked to identify the skills, abilities, and personal character ­istics required to perform each task Fleishman Job Analysis System (FJAS) This approach defines abilities as enduring attributes of indi ­viduals that account for differences in performance. The system is based on a taxonomy of 52 cognitive, psychomotor, physical, and sensory abilities that adequately represent all the dimensions relevant to work (see Table 4.3 in the text). The FJAS scales include behavioral benchmark examples of the different levels of the ability along a sevenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpoint scale. SMEs indicate the point on the scale that best represents the level of that ability required in a certain job (Figure 4.6 and TM 4.3). Dynamic Elements of Job Analysis Although we tend to view jobs as static and stable, in fact, jobs tend to change and evolve over time. The job analysis process must also detect changes in the nature of jobs. Competing Through Globalization Box: Eliminating Sweatshops at Nike At the time when the Nike spokesperson, Michael Jordan, was bringing in over $10 billion, the workers of Indonesian plants were far from ideal. Labor practices like severe punishment for missed goals and mandatory overtime helped keep costs low and quality high. Consumers became increasingly aware of how their sneakers were actually being made, which led to boycotts and human rights groups getting involved. To end this problem, CEO Phillip Knight raised minimum worker age requirements, adopted safety and Health Standards and allowed HRM to monitor worker conditions in all foreign plants. Knight also invited competitors to do the same realizing that a failure to do so would result in a competitive disadvantage. Job design is the process of defining the way work will be performed and the tasks that will be required in a given job. Job redesign refers to changing the tasks or the way work is performed in an existing job. Jobs can also be characterized on different dimensions of job design (Table 4.4 in the text). Motivational Approach The motivational approach to job design focuses on the job characteristics that affect the psychological meaning and motivational potential and it views attitudinal variables as the most important outcomes of job design. The prescriptions of the motivational approach focus on increasing job complexity through job enlargement, job enrich ­ment, and the construction of jobs around sociotechnical systems. An example of the motivational approach is Herzbergs Two-Factor theory. A more complete model of how job design affects employee reactions is the Job Characteristics Model. Jobs can be described in terms of five characteristics: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. These five job characteristics determine the motivating potential of a job by affecting three psychological states: experienced meaningfulness, responsibility, and knowledge of results. When the core job characteristics are high, individuals will have a high level of internal work motivation, higher quantity and quality of work, and higher levels of job satisfaction. The positive effects require that the employees have adequate levels of satisfaction with the work environment, have the necessary ability to perform the job, and that they have a need to grow. There is some support for the idea that for those with high growth-need strength, job characteristics were more positively related to motivational outcomes than for those with low growth-need strength. Much of the work on job enlargement, job enrichment, and selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmanaging work teams has its roots in the motivational approach to job design (Figure 4.4 in the text). However, most of the research shows these interventions increase employee satisfaction and performance quality, but not necessarily increase quantity of performance. Example: Duke Power Company redesigned its customer service function to be more decentralized and enriched the customer reps job to allow for more decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmaking authority. Whirlpool Corporation has also redesigned its customer service function by providing an 800 service line with customer reps that are often former service technicians and can help diagnose a problem over the phone. A related reading from Dushkins Annual Editions: Human Resources 99/00:  ¨Challenging Behaviorist Dogma: Myths About Money and Motivation Mechanistic Approach The mechanistic approach to job design has its roots in classical industrial engineering and focuses on designing jobs around the concepts of task specialization, skill simplification, and repetition. Scientific management, one of the earliest mechanistic approaches, sought to identify the one best way to perform the job through the use of time-and-motion studies. The scientific management approach was built upon in later years and resulted in a mechanistic approach that calls for the job to be designed very simply. The organization reduces its need for highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœability individuals, and workers are easily replace ­able (a new employee can be trained to perform the job quickly and inexpensively). A related reading from Dushkins Annual Editions: Human Resources 99/00:  ¨HR Comes of Age by Michael Losey Biological Approach The biological approach to job design comes primarily from the sciences of biomechanics (the study of body movements), and it is usually referred to as ergonomics (concerned with examining the interface between individuals physiological characteristics and the physical work environment). The goal of this approach is to minimize the physical strain on the worker by structuring the physical work environment around the way the body works. Example: At Toyotas high-tech Tahara No. 4 line, new electric vehicle carriers were installed to minimize stress on the workers bodies. They adjust a cars height at every workstation. Toyota reports a major reduction in turnover during the plants first year of operation. The biological approach focuses on outcomes such as physical fatigue, aches and pains, and health complaints. The biological approach has been applied in redesigning equip ­ment to reduce the physical demands so women can perform the jobs and to reduce occupational illnesses such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Perceptual/Motor Approach The perceptual/motor approach to job design has its roots in the humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfactors literature and focuses on human mental capabilities and limitations. The goal is to design jobs in a way that ensures they do not exceed peoples mental capabilities. This approach generally tries to improve reliability, safety, and user reactions by designing jobs in a way that reduces the infor ­mationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœprocessing requirements of the job. This approach, similar to the mechanistic approach, generally has the effect of decreasing the jobs cognitive demands. Trade-offs among Different Approaches for Job Design (See Table 4.5 in text and TM 4.7) One research study found job incumbents expressed higher satisfaction with jobs scoring highly on motivational approach. However, the motivational and mechanistic approaches were negatively related, suggesting that designing jobs to maximize efficiency is likely to result in a lower motivational component to those jobs. Jobs redesigned to increase the motivating potential result in higher costs in terms of ability requirements, training, and compensation. In designing jobs, it is important to understand the tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœoffs inherent in focusing on one particular approach to job design. Chapter Vocabulary These terms are defined in the Extended Chapter Outline section. Workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœFlow Analysis Work Outputs ProMES Work Processes Work Inputs Organizational Structure Centralization Departmentation Functional Structure Divisional Structure Job Analysis Job Description Job Specification Job Element Method Fleishman Job Analysis System (FJAS) Task Analysis Inventory Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) Job Design Job Redesign Motivational Approach to Job Design Job Characteristics Model Mechanistic Approach to Job Design Biological Approach to Job Design Ergonomics Perceptual/Motor Approach to Job Design Discussion Questions Assume you are the manager of a fast-food restaurant. What are the outputs of your work unit? What are the activities required to produce those outputs? What are the inputs? Some examples of outputs for a fast-food restaurant include the food orders and the service provided. Activities required to produce these outputs include cooking, cleaning, preparing orders, taking orders, and so forth. The inputs include the raw materials (the ingredients for the food orders), the equipment (stove, cash register), and the human resources (the ability to cook, the knowledge of what ingredients go into a menu item). Based on question 1, consider the cashiers job. What are the outputs, activities, and inputs for that job? Inputs for the cashiers job include the raw inputs (food ordered, prices, tax), equipment (cash register), and human resources (the skill to operate the register, the knowledge of the prices of the menu items, and the ability to answer customers questions). Consider the job of college student. Perform a job analysis on this job. What are the tasks required in the job? What are the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform those tasks? What environmental trends or shocks (e.g., computers) might change the job, and how would that change the skill requirements? Tasks would include attending class, completing homework assignments, and participating in group assignments. Some examples of the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed are knowledge of prerequisite course material, collegeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœlevel reading skills, and ability to work together with others. Some environmental trends that might change the job would result from changes in the job market, such as new knowledge that employers would expect college students to learn. An example might be knowledge of sexual harassment guidelines or ADA legislation. Discuss how the following trends are changing the skill requirements for managerial jobs in the United States: (a) increasing use of computers, (b) increasing international competition, (c) increasing work-family conflicts. Students should have no trouble discussing how these trends are changing the skill requirements for managerial jobs in the United States. Managers are increasingly expected to be computer literate. Managers are also expected to be knowledgeable about other cultures, and knowledge of a second language is more commonly preferred. Managers are also expected to be more sensitive to work/ ­family conflicts (dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcare and elderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcare issues for example) and to be knowledgeable about various legislation that deals with such situations (such as the FMLA). Why is it important for a manager to be able to conduct a job analysis? What are the negative outcomes that would result from not understanding the jobs of those reporting to the manager? The chapter has a section on the importance of job analysis to both HR managers and line managers. The students answers will probably reflect information in these sections as well as possible reasons of  ­their own. The negative outcomes of a manager not understanding the jobs of his or her subordinates are that the manager may not make intelligent hiring decisions, may not be able to adequately evaluate the performance of subordinates, and will have trouble understanding the workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœflow process if individual jobs are not understood. What are the trade-offs between the different approaches to job design? Which approach do you think should be weighted most heavily when designing jobs? As discussed in the chapter, the trade-offs appear to be between increased satisfaction and motivation and reduced efficiency due to increased costs. For example, the motivational approach that increases satisfaction results in lower utilization levels and increased training time. Table 6.7 in the text summarizes the positive and negative outcomes of each approach. Students answers will vary as to which approach they think should be weighted most heavily depending on their value of the various outcomes for each approach. For the cashier in question 2, which approach to job design was most influential in designing that job? In the context of the total work-flow process of the restaurant, how would you redesign the job to more heavily emphasize each of the other approaches. Students answers will vary. All of the approaches could be used to design the cashiers job. To redesign the job to emphasize the mechanistic approach, students should discuss concepts such as more specialization. To redesign the job to emphasize the motivational approach, students should discuss making the job more complex. To redesign the job to emphasize the biological approach, students should discuss adjusting or making changes in the equipment or job environment. To redesign the job to emphasize the perceptual/motor approach, students should discuss ways to make the job less demanding mentally. Web Exercise Students are asked to go to The Center for Office Technologys homepage and click on the 1998 Outstanding Office Ergonomics Program Winner and review the steps organizations took to improve the office environment. www.cot.org End-of-Chapter Case The New Factory Worker Summary The trend toward high-skills manufacturing began in the mid-1980s with innovative companies such as Corning, Motorola, and Xerox. Companies are replacing assembly-line work with an industrial vision that requires skilled and nimble workers to think while they work. Today, life on the line requires more brains than muscle, so laborers are heading back to school. Examine the changes that have been made in Fred Prices job at Northeast tool, and then compare these to the four types of job design approaches described earlier in this chapter. If we had before-and-after measures on each of the four approaches, which would have revealed the largest change in the content of the job and which would have revealed the least: motivational, mechanistic, biological, or perceptual-motor? Knowing what you do about the trade-offs for various changes in job design, what negative outcomes might we fear from the types of changes brought about at Northeast? With the advent of more technology at the Northeast Tool plant, Fred Prices job has changed from a hands on, production line type job, to a job that requires increased education, leadership skills and managing roles. The largest change in the content of the job: Mechanistic; least amount of change; motivational. The negative outcomes might be: increased training time, lower utilization levels, greater chance of mental overload and stress, and greater likely hood of error. Technological changes, like the robotization of operations at Northeast Tool, can affect the structure of organizations, which in turn can change the level of skill requirements for workers. How did robotization affect the structure of Northeast Tool and the skill requirements for Fred Prices job? Can you think of other technological advancements that have resulted in the opposite affect on workers skill requirements? In what sense does the competitive strategy employed by the firm influence in which direction technology is likely to affect the skill level of workers? When Northeast implemented technological changes at its plant, Fred Prices job skill requirements changed. Before Price was the one doing all the work at the plant. Now, Fred Price has to be technologically savvy enough to control the robots that took his job from him. Any new type of technology that is implemented at Northeast is going to change the skill requirements of individuals jobs. When Fred Price started working for Northeast, he was 18 years old. Northeast supplied only to local California customers. Now, Northeast has to become a company, and even international, to stay competitive. With this type of growth, a company has to change to stay competitive. As we will see throughout this text, globalization has widespread effects on human resource practices. To what extent were the changes in jobs that came about at Northeast Tool driven by factors outside the U.S? If companies like Northeast Tool did not make these types of changes to compete, what other changes might they have had to make? If Fred Price was not willing to make the types of self-improvements he is making, what other types of changes would he have had to accept? What are the national implications of these kinds of changes, and how do these changes relate to the competitive advantage of nations like the U.S? The factors, outside of the U.S, that affected the changes at Northeast were the technologically savvy plants in Japan and Germany. To stay competitive in the global market, and even domestically, Northeast had to implement new technology. If Northeast was not willing to make these changes, then business would be hurt because it just could not compete with the bigger, more technologically sophisticated plants. Fred Price, if not willing to change, would have to settle for something less. These types of changes are at the core of our national competitiveness, the U.S. has been at the forefront in this productivity and competitive war and should continue to do so. Additional Activities Teaching Suggestions Several cases and articles can be used as additional activities when discussing the topic of job analysis and job design. The cases could be assigned to indi ­viduals as a writing assignment, possibly for extra credit, or could be assigned to groups to be done inside or outside of class. The articles could also be assigned and discussed in class. A possible library assignment is suggested to acquaint students with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Harvard Business School Case 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ481à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ179, Office Technology, Inc. (A) by Beer, Von Werssowetz, and Witcraft, Teaching Note 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ485à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ021 by Beer and Spector. Robert Dorr must consider changes in several order administration work organizations that are to be consolidated. The separate units handle product lines with very different characteristics and have managers with different operating styles, philosophies, and personalities. One group is set up in an assembly-line style. Another has a team concept of job organization. Office Technology, Inc. (B) provides future developments. Two videotapes (9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ884à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ512) and (9 ­884à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ513) are available for use with these cases. Suggested questions for Office Technology, Inc. Consider the order administration task. Discuss the process the LMP and OEM groups use to complete this task. How would you reorganize work in OEM? Consider case facts and class readings and lectures in formulating your answer. Discuss the rationale for your recommendations. If Dorr imposes an LMP-type team approach, what roadblock

The Sister Revealed :: essays research papers fc

The Sisters Revealed Blog Sisters’ (www.BlogSisters.com) slogan â€Å"Where men can link, but they can’t touch† describes itself very well. The Website is a team blog with over one hundred registered female members of all ages who â€Å"come together to share knowledge, ideas, stories, conversation, wisdom, and the occasional dirty jokes† (Sessum). Jeneane Sessum founded Blog Sisters in February 2002 based on the premise that men bloggers outnumber women bloggers by a great amount. The Sisters come from diverse backgrounds but have a common passion for blogging. The members range in age from upper teens to early 70’s. They come from different countries including Australia, Canada, India, Poland, Russia, and Latvia. Members include married mothers, single mothers, married childless women, single women, professional technicians, writers, employed, unemployed, feminists, and non-feminist women. In this blog women share information, ideas, problems, advice and simply â€Å"vent†. Some of Blog Sisters’ discussions deal with breast cancer, divorce, and human right abuses. Some of the latest posts include a parody of Senate hearings with Condoleezza Rice (Cooper); criticism of Bush’s â€Å"Culture of Life† rally; a review of a book The Good Body by Eve Ensler (Suyaffolee); and a marriage discussion (Wells). The archives of the blog date back to February 2002 with the first entry posted by the founder to welcome the Sisters. Ever since the first entry the members have been posting regularly, from one to fifteen entries a day. It is no surprise that women in this blog are well educated and many have at least one degree in fields such as Literature, English, Educational Administration, Sinology, Journalism, Business, and Neuroscience. Many members are (or were at some point) schoolteachers or college and university instructors. The women appear to be technologically up-to-date: in touch with their computer and web browser skills. Most of the members have a blog of their own. Jill Walker, Elizabeth Lawley, and misbehaving.net are affiliated with Blog Sisters. The posts are versatile: besides politics the blog features topics such as relationships, religion, entertainment, economy, and even a recipe Green Bean Casserole. After reading some of the entries it becomes clear that these women like to mix entertaining, informative and educational comments on every day life. Although the members have different values and opinions there is a sense of mutual respect observed among the women. Despite numerous controversial issues there has never been an inappropriate or offensive comment (Frankonis). A lot of these women live by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich’s quote â€Å"Well-behaved women seldom make history.

Impact of Telephone on Society Essay -- Essays Papers

Impact of Telephone on Society Many inventions revolutionized society and one example is the telephone, which was introduced to society in 1876. The inventor, Alexander Graham Bell developed this idea and the telephone made him famous because communication would never be the same after the development of the telephone. The telephone made an incredible impact on society. The impact could be seen through the quickness of communication, business, easier communication in wars, and some negative effects too. Although the telephone became a necessity of daily life, it was at first neglected by the public. People thought the telephone was a fake and a mere toy. Although the telephone was a powerful innovation, nobody took it seriously. Perhaps these people were ignorant because they did not realize the capabilities of the telephone. The reason for this skepticism was the revolutionary idea of communicating through a telephone, "So devastatingly new, so revolutionary, was this innovation of Bell's that a self-satisfied world wasted a good deal of time ridiculing the telephone and its inventor."1 This idea lasted for a few years, but then the public's view began to change. People started to see the significance of the telephone and what it can accomplish. Now with the help of the telephone, individuals communicated in a much quicker fashion. Once this became evident, it greatly enhanced the use of the telephone. After further development of the telephone, society recognized its ability to allow one to contact another person at any time any place with confidence that the call would be completed. The less time it took to communicate was a big draw for society because messages could be sent instantly. This invention allowed for such... ... Bibliography Baldner, Joshua G. "The Telephone and Expansion." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.beloit.edu/~amerdem/students/baldner.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Brooks, John. Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1975. Eby, Chuck. "Western Electric #20B Desk Phone." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we20b.html, Mar. 31, 1999. - - - . "Western Electric #202 Desk Phone." n.pag. Online: Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we202.html, Mar. 31, 1999. Farley, Tom. "Telephone History Part 3-1921 to 1984." n.pag. Online. Available: http://privateline.com/TelephoneHistory3/History3.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Pound, Arthur. The Telephone Idea. New York: Greenberg, Publisher, 1926. "Welcome to the World of Ocean West." n.pag. Online. Available: http://ocean-west.com/contactus.html, Mar. 31, 1999.

The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition :: Communication Literature Essays

The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition Before the invention of written language that enabled the creation of book technology, the spoken word was the leading edge of communication. Spoken epic poetry such as the Iliad and Odyssey, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh was the content of the speech medium. These epics were created as spoken pieces, and because listeners lacked an alphabet to commodify them (separate them from their performance), the tales had to be heard and experienced first-hand. This group experience of the spoken epic involves what authors Hobart and Schiffman term commemoration: â€Å"In the world before writing, memory is the social act of remembering† (15). The way pre-literate media (speech) shaped culture includes this commemorative act. Pre-literate cultures had no other way of storing information and memory than to relive it. They could not write something down, forget about it, and then relearn the same information at a later date by reading it, because they lacked the technology of the written alphabet necessary to do so. Of course, they had the recollecting powers of the mind alone, but as today's stories, passed from one person to the next inevitably change, so did oral communications as human recollection failed in terms of an exact repetition of the original performance. Hence, each time listeners heard a spoken account of the Iliad, it changed a bit. In terms of an exceptional pre-literate performer of the Iliad or Odyssey, Rober t Fitzgerald goes as far as to say that "He inherited a traditional art comparable in range and refinement to the art of the musical virtuoso in our day, but more creative and fluid, for in some degree it remained an art of improvisation" (484). Mnemonic devices such as rhyme and meter aided memory and kept the story on track (Hobart & Schiffman, 24), and as McLuhan would agree, can be counted as technological advances prior to the invention of alphabet because they extend language technology. An analog to the spoken epic experience is the modern-day concert experience. Both are examples of live performance. For an example, the Rolling Stones' song "Sympathy for the Devil" is more like a spoken epic than a written account of an epic. This is because song and spoken epic utilize the same medium.

Culturally Proficient Leadership

EDLA 626 – Culture, Diversity & Human Rights Culturally Proficient Leadership: The Personal Journey Begins Within Summary: Part 1: Leadership as an Informed Personal Perspective Chapter 1: The Leadership Journey Begins Within Getting Centered – reality – many people in society still live segregated lives based on race / ethnicity, class – It is important that we look inward to ourselves in order to understand our reactions to people culturally different than us. – Such understanding allows us to effectively teach â€Å"other peoples’ children† Taking a Look at My School and What I See (and Don’t See) Schools and districts are influenced by social, political and economic forces not readily apparent. – Underlying the visible elements of our school communities are unapparent forces that make even more impact on our students, schools and us. – These invisible historical forces contribute to the sense of privilege or de privation experienced in our schools that impacts our students, parents and us. – These forces are termed as equity issues and serve as the metaphorical elephant in the room that many pretend not to see. Are there â€Å"Equity Issues† in Your School? – Reaction to equity issues is dependent on one’s own experiences as a student. Different experience produced for students of different cultural groups (past & present). – Regardless of personal experiences, a school leader and his/her vision benefits from knowledge of historical context of access and equity issues. – Two expressed values not fully realized are universal public education through High School and equitable educational opportunities (ex. Only 27 states have compulsory education requirements to age 16). – Progress toward universal education is linked with advancement in equitable treatment and equal outcomes for students based on gender, race, ethnicity and ableness is also e volving. Prominent researchers have pressed the issue for equity in schools for 2 generations. Confronting the â€Å"Gaps† as a Leadership Issue – Leaders faced with challenge of leading schools in ways that provide equitable opportunities irrespective of a student’s culture – The mere composition of any school poses naturally challenges due to differences (culture, race, gender, socio-economic, achievement, etc. ). – Leaders need to address systemic access disparities of quality educational programs, experienced funding and equitable school funding otherwise the status quo of gaps will continue. More equitable funding alone does not even things out . . . must be accompanied by a change in the way many students are educated. – Important question for leaders: How do we meet the academic and social needs of students who come to school with a different set of values, beliefs, socioeconomic experiences, behaviors, language and ability? NCLB as a Leadership Tool – NCLB can serve as a tool to support access and equity efforts. – NCLB has made public aware of differential educational opportunity and achievement patterns that exist in our schools and communities. NCLB used as pretext to point out and address achievement gap issues. Such a gap is a multifaceted outcome measure of gaps in access to education. – Achievement gaps differentiated by race, ethnicity, gender, class, etc. are being highlighted by the media. Definitions of Key Terms – Culture: The set of practices and beliefs shared by members of a particular group that distinguish that group from other groups. – Cultural Informancy: Reflects our experience of having cross cultural relationships that are authentic and trusting which allow for mutual learning and feedback leading to personal growth. Demographic Groups: Often used in schools in pace of subgroup. – Dominant Culture: A culture readily visible in a classroom and scho ol which often benefits from treatment, attention and success while others may be hidden and not apparent and not receive equitable treatment or attain equal levels of success.. – Equity: Access to material and human resources in proportion to needs. – Ethnicity: Ancestral heritage and geography, common history and to some degree physical appearance. – National Origin: A designation related to a person’s country of birth and prior citizenship. Nativism: The practice of valuing the rights of citizens born in this country over those of immigrants (marginalization effort & attempt of immigrants). – Race: A concept developed by social scientists and misinterpreted and used by groups to characterize people by their physical features and to use those differences to justify suppression of some while promotion of others. – Reflection: careful consideration of one’s behaviors, plans, values and assumptions in an effort to improve interpersonal and professional practice. – Sexual Orientation: An enduring, emotional, romantic, sexual or affectional attraction to another person.It exists along a continuum and differs from sexual behavior because it refers to feelings and self-concept. Chapter 2: The Cultural Proficiency Leadership Lens – Provides an overview of the tools of cultural proficiency. Such will provide one with an important lens and knowledge for action. Getting Centered – Educational gaps are our issue with at least 3 arguments being important prerequisites: 1. We must acknowledge that educational gaps are historical and persistent. Although we inherited them, they cannot be ignored.The issue of academic underperformance of children of poverty and some visible minorities is not new information. 2. If gaps are to be closed, we must move forward to examine our values, behaviors, policies and practices of our schools. 3. We can make a difference when we pay attention to who students say they ar e and their needs before the needs of our own and that of the school system. – Cultural proficiency is: †¢ A process that begins with us, not with our students or their communities †¢ A shift in thinking that moves us from viewing culture as problematic to embracing and esteeming culture. A lens through which we view our role as educators †¢ A concept comprised of a set of four interrelated tools to guide our practice. Cultural Proficiency Is an Inside-Out Process – Cultural proficiency is an inside-out process of personal and organizational change. It is who we are more than what we do. – We are students of our assumptions about self, others and the context in which we work with others – Fundamental to addressing educational gap issues is one’s willingness and ability to examine yourself and your organization. Cultural proficiency provides leaders with a comprehensive, systemic structure to identify, examine and discuss educational issues in our schools. Cultural Proficiency Represents a Leadership Paradigm – Cultural proficiency . . . a mindset for how we interact with all people regardless of background . . . a worldview that carries explicit values, language and standards for effective personal interactions and professional practices . . . is a 24/7 approach to both our personal and professional lives . . . is not a set of independent strategies one learns to use with others. Educators who commit to culturally proficient practices represent a paradigmatic shift away from the status quo dominant group view. The paradigmatic shift moves from tolerating diversity to transformational commitment to equity. Cultural Proficiency as an Educational Leadership Lens – The following four tools of cultural proficiency can be used as a template for a leader’s personal and professional development: 1. Guiding principles on which you can build an ethical and professional frame for effective cross-cultu ral communication and problem solving. 2.A continuum of behaviors that enables you to diagnose your values and behavior in such a way that you can better influence policies and practices of our profession. 3. Essential elements expressed in terms of standards of personal and professional conduct that serve as a framework for responding to academic and social needs of the cultural groups in your school & community. 4. Barriers to this work framed in such a way that you are intentional in the use of the guiding principles and essential elements. – Effective educational leaders are clear about themselves relative to working with and leading culturally diverse communities.The Cultural Proficiency Toolkit – Cultural proficiency is comprised of an interrelated set of 4 tools which provide the means for a leader to guide his personal and professional development in a cultural proficient manner. †¢ The Guiding Principles of Cultural Proficiency – Guiding principles provide one with a moral philosophical framework to examine & under-stand beliefs about the education of students from cultural groups different from them. – Guiding principles provide a framework of how the cultural diversity of students should inform professional practice when responding to student learning needs. A good place to see if school values align with predominant behaviors in the school is the mission / vision statement. †¢ The Cultural Proficiency Continuum – Consists of 6 points. The first 3 (cultural destructiveness, cultural incapacity, cultural blindness) points focus on them as being problematic. The next 3 (cultural precompetence, cultural competence, cultural proficiency) focus on your practice as transformational leadership. 1. cultural destructiveness – see the difference and eliminate it 2. cultural incapacity – see the difference and make it appear wrong 3. ultural blindness – see the difference and act like you donâ⠂¬â„¢t see it 4. cultural precompetence – see the difference and act but inconsistently in appropriateness 5. cultural competence – see the difference and be inclusive 6. cultural proficiency – see the difference and respond positively, engage, adapt and commit to social justice / equity †¢ The Five Essential Elements of Cultural Competence – These elements are standards for culturally competent values, behaviors, policies and practices I. Assessing Cultural Knowledge II. Valuing Diversity III. Managing the Dynamic of DifferenceIV. Adapting to Diversity V. Institutionalizing Cultural Knowledge †¢ Overcoming Barriers to Cultural Proficiency – There are barriers to achieving culturally proficient actions. They exist together in combination not as isolated events. I. Resistance to Change II. Systems of Oppression III. A Sense of Privilege and Entitlement †¢Cultural Proficiency is . . . – An approach for surfacing educatorsâ€℠¢ assumptions and values that undermine the success of some student groups – A lens for examining how we include and honour the cultures and learning needs of all students in the educational process.

The History Of Foreign Direct Investment Economics Essay

The history of overseas head investiture funds tail be traced back to the yearss of the colonial epoch.During the colonial yearss, at that place was the demand for an oversee investing both(prenominal) bit comfortably as imparting of managerial accomplishments. This was due to the rough perplexity of the baby industries in Nigeria as at that clip.Right from independency in 1960, Nigeria acknowledge the importance of external finance in venture fulling or lending to make full the domestic nest testicle spread, the unlike exchange spread and the technology spread in development. It was non, until 1957, when the enjoin becomes self-reliant that a more positive action towards distant neat and peculiarly abroad cipher investing replaced the laissez faire policy of the plain colonial epoch. Get downing from the twelvemonth, tailfin bears of Parliament provided a bundle of inducements for foreign investors. These include broad revenue sweetening vacations, accele rated depreciation allowances, merchandise protection, license to convey in and repatriate capital and net incomes, and a more easy and competitory environment. These were embodied in the industrial Development ( Import Duties relaxation ) numeral 1957, the Industrial Development ( Income Tax Relief ) flirt 1958, the Customs Duties ( Dumped and Subsidized Goods ) Act 1958, the imposts ( Draw back ) Regulations 1959 and the Income Tax ( Amendment ) Act 1959.DEFINITION OF FOREIGN channelise INVESTMENT unlike Direct investing privy be defined as an investing that is made to get a permanent direction involvement in a concern endeavor operate in a aver otherwise than that of the investor defined harmonizing to residence World swan ( 1996 ) . M. Sornarajah ( 2010 ) defined Foreign Direct Investment as the transportation of touch commensurate or impalpable plus from one state to some other for the intent of their usage in that state to bring forth wealth below the sum or partial discipline of the proprietor of the as places . Okomoh ( 2004 ) described Foreign Direct Investment as non merely for the transportation of capital but besides widening an endeavor from its place state into foreign host state. Practically, Foreign Direct Investment means exerting corporate control over international boundaries.2.3 THEORIES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT surmise of Foreign Direct Investment muckle be traced back to Hymer ( 1960 ) in his contribute On Multinational Corporations and Foreign Direct Investment , where he stated that since indigenous kinfolks go better cognition of their topical anaesthetic environment more than foreign houses, the last mentioned will merely be able to vie if they possess other advantages to manufacture for their disadvantages of operating in foreign sites . Besides, foreign direct investings are common where imperfectnesss experience in a market. This means that the conjecture of perfect competition is non likely to die in instances Foreign Direct Investment. Theory of Foreign Direct Investment rouse therefore handily be explained under two classs Micro ( Industrial presidential term ) theories and Macro-finance ( toll of capital ) theories. Harmonizing to Caves ( 1971 ) , the focal lodge is normally on market imperfectnesss, each bit good as the ingestion of Multinational Corporations to spread out their market power normally on market. spousal relationship micro and macro accounts, some theories had emerged disengage Foreign Direct Investment from positions of the investment houses and the receiver economic systems.Theory OF FIRM EXPLANATIONHarmonizing to this theory, succeeding(a) Caves explanation before stated, a house will go on to deposit at place until optimal course of investing at place is reached and further investing will do peripheral Cost to be higher than ordinary Cost and monetary value per unit of measurement of end product. This theory thrives good utilizing the microeconomic doings of houses. The decision of the account is that ever soy bit long as the intercommunicate accrued hereafter net income borders warrants put in outgo, a undertaking is said to be feasible. This theory is non realistic as it does non set into consideration trade selling and behavior of Multinational Corporations that operates under progressive marketsINTANGIBLE ASSETS EXPLANATIONThe intangible assets explanation provinces that Foreign Direct Investment of the Multinational Corporations have some proprietary cognition or intangible assets such as engineering and techniques that guarantee efficiency, patents, designs, hallmarks, trading name names, trade secrets and know-how which other houses have no entree to. These assets possess analogous features of public goods in the sense that they can be exploited by opposite houses ( within the transnational system ) without eat their utility. Because of this property of Pareto Optimality , the usage of th e proprietary assets can be optimized by spread jaunt abroad. For case, Coke trade name name is recognized world-wide and Coca-Cola will do more return from the hallmark when more workss are constructed. It is of import to observe production for export can non be an alternate to position a fabrication workss because of the transit cost associated with export every bit good as possibility of trade barriers. On whether a licensing understanding would hold been another option, the finding of royalty payment is ever really subjective, while authorities of developing states do hold terrible figure out on such an option and umpteen Multinational Corporations are non normally warm to portion such assets.